Airport ownership

Airport as being fully privately owned enterprise is very important problem. There were a lot of conferences, dedicated to this problem, which tried to examine and study experience of world practice of privatizing and shareholding of airports as one of means to increase effectiveness of work in conditions of market relations.Some countries cannot make airports being fully privately owned enterprises because they don’t have legal securing in governmental property of usage airports.Absences of legalized documents which give right of management by governmental property don’t give opportunity to attract foreign investors, limit development of non-aviation activity, and create a lot of other problems. So, holding such conferences is a good opportunity to determine conditions of reforms in civil aviation and to analyze development of business in airports.Nowadays integration processes and economic reforms which take place in Europe create qualitative new situation in the fiel d of air transport. In these conditions coordination of efforts in the country, forming of legal regulations and regulation of activity of aircraft companies, airports and other organizations of this field, directed at guaranteeing of safety flights and protection of customers’ interests is very important.During last dozen of years more then one hundred of governmental aircraft enterprises and airports were made fully privately owned enterprises in Russia – it is more then in countries of Europe, USA and Canada. In the United States the attempts to privatize airports are more successful working with small airports (Robert Poole and Adrian Moore p.2)There was a possibility to rent an airport a little bit earlier. Actually, anybody was able to rent an airport, runway, avian stations, etc – anybody who paid more. Airport didn’t have any advantage during that rent. The tasks of leaser, which doesn’t care of airport’s problems, are easy to unders tand: to get higher profit from lease. And nobody knows how the leaser will take care of that leased property.Aircraft Company, on the contrary, is interested in maintenance of that property on necessary level, because it gets main funds from take-off and landing. (Robert W. Poole p.3)We came to conclusion also that making airport fully privately owned enterprise shouldn’t be made by impulse. It takes years in the European countries to get all permissions to make airport privately owned.Some aircraft companies consider purchase of airports to be very profitable. For example, â€Å"Austrian Airlines† pans to buy airport of Bratislava (Slovakia). The matter it that Bratislava’s airport is located 20 km from Vienna and Austrians want to use this airport as dispersal field. Besides, Slovakia enters European Union and quantity of flight to Bratislava can be increased. Austrians hope to become the main airline not only in Austria, but in neighbor Slovakia.Indian gover nment also decided to give â€Å"green light† to make two biggest governmental airports fully privately owned enterprises, which are located in administrative capital of country New Delhi and financial capital Mumbai (the city, which was known as Bombay).The minister of civil Aviation Rajiv Pratap Rudy announced in September 11, 2003 that cabinet of ministers adopted plans to sell 74 percent share holdings of both airports to private enterprises. Within eight months government will prepare to auction and to finish receiving of applications (Reuters agency p.1).Airports will be transformed in two separate companies, with partial participation of government. Accordingly, the companies will be made privately owned separately, with help of auctions. Airports Authority of India, AAI – governmental department, which controls 130 airports in the whole territory of country, will keep 26 percent share holding as well as functions of safety and management of air movement. In suc h a way the airports will have opportunity to become huge international junctions and to start compete actively with other airports of regions, as well as between themselves.

Discussion Forum for Nursing Leadership Course

Managers over the years yearn for the best managerial style there is in accordance with the kind of leadership that organization necessitate with. A managerial style needs to examine the influence of other important variables (ward philosophy, leadership style, intra- and inter-professional working, staffing levels and skill mix) which could have been as important as the nursing system in affecting performance.Continuity of care, responsibility and accountability are among the virtues required for every leader so as to maintain a strong disposition in a group and at the same time create a harmonious relationship with the rest of the members. As for this case, the organization’s goal is toward productivity—therefore the group needs a foundation of values and task descriptions that will keep the members informed on the tasks at hand (Meredith & Jr. , 2008).Directive autocratic form of leadership would be most appropriate. In essence, the leader should be intellectually eq uipped and experience-ready since nursing programs are typically run through a set of standards. The very fact that such kinds of practitioners are dealing with health, or most importantly the lives of their patients, it is only but fitting for the leader to be composed, systematic and organized especially when it comes to delegation and on meeting deadlines or time-frames. AnalysisFor example, as for instances wherein the organization is one point or another required to work with a partnership, the leader should anticipate possible discrepancies in terms of production so as to preempt the occurrence of one or, at the least, allot enough time for the partnership to address or to be able to resolve the impending crisis as soon as possible. Internal problems can be resolved through the early exposition of predicted problems thereby creating enough time between the occurrence of the predicted problem and the current timeframe.This expanse of time should be used in order to formulate se ts of solutions as early as time permits. , when the partnership is faced with drawbacks from either sides, it should be the case that both should not leave-out the other party and, instead, provide substantial assistance in order to uplift the business relationship and lessen the impact of the problem to both organizations concerned. Conclusion As a matter of fact, managers can empower others through a variety of ways.These ways include granting subordinates with technical skills acquired through skills-enhancing tasks or through educational discussion, or by delegating to the employees special or non-conventional aptitude or competence by involving these people on duties that are beyond their working status quo. Managers can also empower not only their subordinates or employees but also those who belong to the higher or superior ranks.Supervisors or office executives can be further empowered by the manager by providing critical insights and ideas that are fresh and go beyond the u sual habit of mere task accomplishment. Those in the upper positions can obtain empowerment when the manager exposes these individuals to the recent developments within the firm or company either through status reports or through corporate discussions, thereby providing them new information that grants them the capacity to craft new business policies. Discussion Forum for Nursing Leadership Course A nurse manager’s role is one of leadership. A person would therefore require excellent communication skills with people of all ages, genders and races. The nurse manger role requires a lot of responsibility and one must be able to accept this challenge and all the duties and responsibilities that are allocated with this skilled and professional line of work. Your nurse manager role would be to oversee that all duties and work responsibilities in a particular unit are done in accordance with the organization’s vision and mission statement.As a nurse manager, you must be a reliable person, the organization would require that you live up to their needs and expectations and portray that for which they stand. Nurse Manager’s roles also involve the building of team leadership. Nurses within a particular unit should be able to work well together as a team and form a uniform whole; this will ensure the success of a nursing unit. In the given situation, the nurse manager should be able to resolve the problem wherein she will not be put into a situation that will affect on her credibility as a professional.Whoever is under her authority, may it be a family or a friend, there is no excuse to disregarding her responsibilities as manager. The success of her leadership will depend on how she will handle the circumstances that comes her way. Within a position of authority, one should live and represent the organization for what it stands; this includes the ethics it follows and type of service it offers. Communication is a key tool that health care professionals must use to elicit cooperation among individuals in the delivery of health care services.Communication among health professionals can: increase awareness of a health issue, problem, or solution; affect attitudes to create support for individual or collective action; demonstrate or illustrate skills; increase demand for health services; inform or reinforce knowledge, attitudes, or behavior. Health care institutions include many interacting groups: staff with staff, staff with patients, and staff with families and visitors, staff with physicians etc.These interactions frequently lead to conflict. In which the manager is faced on with the complaints against Mary’s performance in their unit. Conflict is defined as an acknowledged struggle from differences in ideas, values, actions or feelings resulting in increased stress levels between two groups or two people. Usually, conflict is handled in one of five ways: reflecting differing degrees of aggressive, assertive, or passive, and cooperative or competitive behavior.There are a lot of strategies to approach conflicts. In the case of Mary, the manager should employ the Collaboration approach which implies a mutual attention to the problem that utilizes the talents of all parties. In collaboration, the focus is on solving the problem, not defeating the opponent; the goal is to satisfy both parties’ concerns. It is ap propriate for the manager to bring clashing groups together to mediate.Before coming together for mediation, everyone in the groups needs to agree on the following: to get together to work on problems; that there are problems that can be solved; that all individuals have some responsibility for working toward solving the problems; that they are not expected to like one another at the conclusion but to understand one another better and be able to work together; that they are not expected to place blame on someone for the problem, but are expected to consider differences and come to a consensus about solutions(Hartley.  2007).Coaching is an effective way to help staff identify and meet professional goals. The goal of nurse manager coaching is to make nurses responsible for their actions and redirect any resistance by determining goals, purpose, and vision (Powell, 2001). In this manner, Mary will realize that there is a problem that needs attention. And this way, too, everyone will be able to meet common goals and be successful in their endeavors.References The Healthcare performance Institute. (2006). Nurse Manager Role. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www.healthcareperformanceinstitute.com/nurse-manager-role.jsp National Center of Continuing Educatuion, Inc. (2009). Communication Strategies. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www.nursece.com/onlinecourses/3453.html CEUFast.com. (2007). Conflict Management. (2007). Retrieve March 9, 2009, from http://www.ceufast.com/courses/viewcourse.asp?id=91 Nurse.com. (2001). The Nurse Manager as Coach. (2001, July 2). Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://include.nurse.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2001107020368

Research paper on Inferno Dantes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research paper on Inferno Dantes - Essay Example The mankind was badly immersed in the sins, vice and ignorance and it looked as if the Satan, himself has been unleashed on the Planet with Pope being the Anti Christ himself as foretold in the Holy Book. In these abominable conditions of Italy emerged Dante, the Italian poet of the middle ages. Dante is renowned for Divine Comedy and he added one of the greatest literary work to the field of literature, composed in the Italian language but later translated to the English Language. Taking a look at the ‘Divine Comedy’ written by Dante, it starts from Inferno which is a morbid and a gruesome excursion through her. The port talks and discusses the different stages of hell and sinners who committed various sins dwell on each of the levels, undergoing the punishment which perfectly matches the sin they had committed. Limbo, emerges as the first circle of hell does not depict torture of any form but rather stagnancy, a forever stop where the souls who never embraced the grace of the Church inhibit. This circle of hell is not exactly the form of torture, the souls will simply sit there, and that too for an eternity. These ‘virtuous pagans’ were not bad; they do not deserve the grace and the Supremacy of the Lord. So Dante, along with his poet guide Virgil, penetrate deeper in to the Hell, to discover more and then they find the shades they meet guilty of more severe sin. Each have greeted the perfect matched fate in Hell, each punished appropriately for the sins they have committed. The ice lake in the ninth circle of Hell, known as the Cocytus is the lake where the treacherous individuals are thrown into for eternity. Since Satan was himself the biggest treacherous, is damned to this very circle where he stays with his closest followers, who were able to successfully mimic his deadly sin when they walked on Earth. Cocytus has even rounds and the first round is known as the Caina, which was given the name after Cain of Bible. Cain was the fi rst ever human being to have committed a murder on Earth and he murdered his very own blood, his brother, Abel. Hence, those who were treacherous with their own family are damned to the first round. In this round, almost everyone who has sinned against their kin is damned to the icy lake of Cocytus, unable to move, unable to struggle. However this is contradictory to the notion of Satan burning and writhing with his followers in hell, searing in flames for an eternity. The reason why this set of damned have been frozen up to their faces in ice is because the burning of eternity can be viewed as lenient and an easy punishment, because fire is associated with light and warmth, the characteristics of God, his love and His Blessings. Hence this set of individuals has been damned to frigid ice because God wants to punish them in a way that can never be associated with him. These are the people who turned cold towards their own men and fellows on Earth have been punished in a way that the y failed to find companionship with other sinners as well. The second round is with people who were treacherous to their country, calling this round Antenora, which was named after Antenor of Troy who betrayed his city to the Greeks. Although the bond a n individual shares with his country is not as strong as the one he shares with his family, but the mere act of treachery can have adverse effects on the country and the countrymen, exposing them to hardships, severe

What do you believe to be the main force driving change in the Essay

What do you believe to be the main force driving change in the International Business Environment - Essay Example The traditional ways of transacting businesses are becoming obsolete due rapid changes and inventions. Cultural, political, environmental, and economical forces characterize globalization and have great impact in the international business environment. Introduction Globalization is the process by which people all over the globe are interconnected into one village such that an occurrence in one part of the world will have a direct impact on the other part. Major changes in international business environment and business operations are because of globalization of business. Today, several significant transformations can be observed in the international business environment and most of these transformations are occurring spontaneously. The changes are unpredictable and inevitable such that one transformation is leading to emergence of more numerous changes. Similar to industrial revolution that completely transformed business environment in Europe, these transformations are necessary in both their outcome and magnitude. The main transformation includes increased competition, rapid changes, and increased use of computers and adoption of sophisticated information technology and networks. Investors or rather employers need to learn the new principles of success, and keep reinventing the objectives of the business (Batra and Dangwal, 2005, p.88). People from different states have developed similar tastes and preferences leading to homogeneity of needs. Globalization encompasses numerous processes by which, institutions, money, people, goods, and services are able to cross territorial or domestic boundaries freely Globalization as a process is a result of sociocultural, political, economic, and technological forces. Globalization is mostly used to mean economic globalization, which is the connectedness of world economies into international economy though exchange of goods, capital investment, migration, and increased use of technology (Brooks and Weatherston et al., 201 1, p.165). The continuing increase in globalization raises the need to understand the different cultures of the world more so corporates and communities cultures. There is an increased transfer of workforce or experts from one country to another, in effort to assist establish new locations of the company or boost existing ones in order to achieve their objectives (KPMG International, 2013, p. 2). Mere knowledge of communication skills is not enough but also the understanding of cultural influences, varied communication designs and social settings of every society do drive the success of globalization. The real standing of globalization can be understood by focusing on three main changes. The first major change is the one witnessed in the job markets. The increased demand of employees with multilingual knowledge has led to people moving from state to another for employment or travelling internationally for the purpose of business transactions (Gelbart, 2012, p. 1). Also of important is the emergence of e-commerce, which have a major impact on competition and growth of market as the original location of firm is not an issue anymore. Increased in cross boarders travels has in turn led to wide spread of traditional cultures and practices all over the world. People’s cultures all over the world seem to rhyme and everybody seems to be adapting to global behaviors, especially in trade industry. Focusing on our social environment

How and why have the concepts of new waves or new generations been Essay - 1

How and why have the concepts of new waves or new generations been used in writing the histories of European or world cinema - Essay Example The review of world and Taiwanese cinema, in particular, reveals that there is an inherent relationship between historical intricacies and the melancholy of being Taiwanese, as demonstrated by the films produced under the Taiwanese new wave of Cinema. In particular, the 1980s and 90s were the years that the writers of Taiwanese film used the media to communicate the cultural identity of the people, and also the time that the new wave and genre came to the attention of the world. The historical identities revealed in the cinematic presentation include the country’s connection to China, including their divergence on the legitimacy of China as a culture and a nation-state. The historical relations reflected through the new wave of cinema include the relocation of MinTang’s government, after the defeat that took place during the 1949s in China. In the view of Lu and Yeh, it is necessary to explore deeply, the language used in cinema, as well as the issues that identify it, including symbolism and language.1 This approach is particularly applicable to the exploration of resistance movies, as these are predominant in the new wave of cinema produced in Taiwan. In essence, the concepts of the new wave were used, because cinema is a symbolic language that is fashioned using cimenatic codes. These codes include lighting, performance, editing, sound and camera shooting, among others. The combined usage of these codes makes cinema a highly effective channel for the expression of identities at the various levels, including cultural, political, national or individualistic. The second qualifier for the usage of cinema is that the language used in cinema can be used to express the identities of the people. For example, it can be used in highlighting the theme of historical instability, as a reflection of political communication or meaning. In the particular case of Taiwan, language is likely to be

International Marketing Plan for Hardee's to Enter Australian Fast Essay

International Marketing Plan for Hardee's to Enter Australian Fast Food Market - Essay Example Because of this enhanced connectivity, consumers all over the world have gained access to a lot of information and this has resulted in the evolution of more demanding consumers. Also, it needs to be highlighted that because of this surge in global connectivity, there has been a tremendous change in the nature of conducting business operations in the various global markets. Spotting the demand coming from the consumers of various diverse geographies, organizations that are located in separate regions and time zones are increasingly considering on the process of significant business expansion. Needless to say, that this new flow of demand from the different geographies have the potential to transform into significant business opportunities for the expanding business organizations in the immediate future. It needs to be mentioned that in this particular case, the popular and growing fast food chain of the American region, the Hardee’s is looking forward to entering the market of Australia for attaining significant business growth while catering to the demand existing for American products in the region. Statement of Marketing Objectives While talking about marketing objectives, it needs to be highlighted that it is a part of the strategic planning process whose main aim and focus is to help the organization to attain a significant growth as well as strong foothold in the targeted market (Fifield, 2007, p. 5.1). The marketing objectives helps in the process of drawing specific marketing oriented goals and targets that needs to be achieved by the organization in the upcoming times. It also helps the organization’s value communication exercises to... This report stresses that the focus is largely on the issues to connect strengths of the company with the potential opportunities that are arising in the market place. It is significantly relevant to acknowledge that the Australian market of fast food promotes the demand for healthy food products, like salads and juices. Now, while highlighting the strengths of the company, it is of considerable importance to focus on the company’s ability to produce differentiated products. It needs to be further focused that the company is the sole producer of the unique and highly health conscious product Charbroiled Burger. By having this healthy product in the food menu, the American fast food chain will be successful in garnering the attention of the health conscious consumers of the Australian region. Now, it also has to be mentioned that the company’s other significant point of strength is related to the issue of marketing. This essay makes a conclusion that it can be said that the global marketing plan has been designed for entering the market of Australia. The American fast food chain, Hardees, has the strengths related to differentiated products and strong marketing tactics. On the other hand, the Australian fast food market provides the opportunity related to growth of healthy eating. It can be said that the entire global marketing plan for Hardees has been designed while trying to plot the strengths of the fast food chain with that of the opportunities present in the market of Australia.

Questionnaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Questionnaire - Essay Example The support from Medea’s boyfriend Jason will benefit Medea a lot as is evident from the table. The average monthly cash inflow has increased by a significant amount and now she has sufficient amount of ready cash. This allows Medea to finance her bicycle as the bicycle will cost her  £400 to 600 while the cash available with her now is far exceeding the expected cost of that bicycle. This alternative has a very positive impact on the financial position of Medea. Her yearly income increases by almost three times while the monthly cash flow improves a little less than 5 times. Through this support from her boyfriend, she is now able to finance her bicycle that was desperately needed by her in order to save her commuting costs. Comparing the above table for incomes with and without Jason (and Argo), we can see that the gross income increases by almost double of Medea’s individual income. Despite this significant increase in the income, all the expenses could increase only by smaller amounts except food expenses which show an increase of double the amount that was when Medea was alone. This relatively less increase in total expenses compared to the increase in the total gross income results in a considerable increase in the net income for the year. Similarly, the cash flows conditions also get better considerably and now Medea has monthly cash almost 5 times of what she had before support from her boyfriend Jason. Without Jason’s support it was not possible for her to finance her bicycle and save commuting cost but now she has 1640 Euros on average after paying for all her expenses which enables her to buy the desired bicycle even if costs her the highest expected price of 600 Euros. Now, when we assume that Polly chooses for option A and also that the interest rate remains constant throughout the period of mortgage; using the saving and borrowing calculator, we arrive at the following results: b) It is quite obvious that if the mortgage period and

Study the topic of Moses and the horns and its relationship to the Essay

Study the topic of Moses and the horns and its relationship to the Alexander Romance and Dhul-Qarnayn - Essay Example When Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets in his hand, as he came down from the mountain Moses did not know that the skin of his face shone because he had been talking with God. Aaron and all the people of Israel saw Moses and beheld the skin of his face shone and they were afraid to come near him. But Moses called to them and Aaron and all the leaders of the congregation returned to him and Moses talked with them. And when Moses finished speaking with them he put a veil over his face. Whenever Moses went in before the LORD to speak with him he would remove the veil .And when he came out and told the people of Israel what was commanded, the people of Israel would see the face of Moses that the skin of Moses was shining. However, E. Suhr2 argues that the scribe who transcribed the passage using the secondary meaning may actually have done so advisedly and that scholars should not assume that a mistake of such proportions could have been made by a man who was an educated monk. The word in question was used three times in the description of Moses' transfiguration; would not the scribe have been aware of the consequences of such a change to the meaning of the passage He goes on to give us examples of the use of the adjective (horned) being applied to other messianic figures in religious history and literature. These figures had all performed heroic tasks and were saviours of their people. Horns therefore appear to have had, at one period, attributes of divinity and purity; a meaning that is diametrically opposed to our present day conception of them as being satanic. Eloise Hart3 also confirms this. In her essay she states that being horned was a symbol of being in intimate communion with the divine, that it signified neophytes who had passed a grueling test of faith. Certainly, there are references to horns and gods dating all the way to Sumerian times: the god Janus was portrayed with two heads and early Sumerian kings often took on the role of king-god; they were the pivot on which every facet of the kingdom turned.. The seals of Akkad depict the king as wearing horned crowns, symbolic perhaps of the close association of the ruler with divinity4. Some Akkadian seals also portray sacrificial bulls being brought to their knees by their horns; There was evidently power in the horns since the sacrificial bull is almost invariably shown held by a horn in the same manner.5 There are also references to horns and divinity in many ancient religions, including Celtics and Sumerian and early Egyptian. Dionysus was also known as the horned god ; Apis the Bull God for example is portrayed with the sun disk of divinity between its horns.6 The merging of the two meanings is clear here. The unicorn is also associated with Christ. Suhr contends though that the passage may not refer to horns in the literal sense; when both meanings are taken together, it can be interpreted to signify that the quality of Moses' face had changed, that perhaps there had been an alteration in his features or skin that allowed them to be described as horned. He justifies this through the use of examples such as Siegfried from Das Nibelungenleid, who on slaying a dragon bathed in its blood and his skin became horned. He also quotes Luke from the New Testament in the description of Jesus' transfiguration, where the gospel mentions that "the fashion of his (Jesus')

The CIA created Osama bin Laden Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The CIA created Osama bin Laden - Research Paper Example Accordingly, the following analysis will seek to engage with this very topic. As such, it would be necessary to delve deeply into storable roots of Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden and determine whether or not a clear and determinant level of group exists with respect to the way in which this potential â€Å"asset† was handled. In accordance with the basic premise of investigative reporting, the discussion will be concentric upon those alleged and proven aspects of cooperation that exist between the Central Intelligence Agency and Osama bin Laden. Is the hope of this particular author that such a level of discussion will be beneficial in shedding further level of light on what can only be described as an increasingly murky and seemingly undecipherable relationship. As with many of the assets and informants that the Central Intelligence Agency seeks to develop around the globe, Osama bin Laden was of little importance to the agency prior to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Recognizing that fellow Muslims were being oppressed by an atheist regime, Osama bin Laden, and indeed many others throughout the Islamic world, set out to provide moral, material, and direct support to the forces that were fighting against the Soviet occupation. As such, Osama bin Laden left what many individuals would describe as a comfortable life and began to utilize this fortune, time, and energy as a means of funneling money and material to the mujahedin. Although it is true that Osama bin Laden began to play a more active role as the 1980s progressed, it was this initial activity that placed him on the radar for Pakistani ISI, Saudi intelligence, and the Central Intelligence Agency. Further, as it was the United States’ direct and implicit goal to see the Soviet Union fail in its attempted invasion of Afghanistan, coordinating with anti-Soviet actions and supplying these individuals with the required material and

Lord of the Flies Character Monolgues Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Character Monolgues Essay Jacks monologue Oh god, what have I done? Simon, Piggy, its entirely my fault. I cant express what I feel, the pain, its overmastering and mind numbing. Ralph if only you could understand the grief that I am going through, in-fact maybe you do? Maybe youre hurting far more than me. Their deaths will get engraved in my conscience until the day I die. I would do anything Ralph, anything to get your forgiveness. At the moment I dont think you can bare to look at me, I can barely look at myself. I mean how can I? Im a murderer. Only if I had the courage to say all this to you, I know the old me would have. No-one will understand the desire and hunger I felt hunt, it was pure exhilaration. I guess that is when things began to get out of hand. My mind became warped by the desire to kill, spill blood and maim. It was over-powering I tried to control it but the day Simon died I let out all my rage. It felt good. Jealousy played its part as well; jealousy of you being leader and you liking Piggy more than me. Piggy was the easiest person to bully he was so vulnerable yet you Ralph kept sticking up for him. This made me even angrier towards him. I will pay for my sins by going to jail when I return to England but the pain in my head is nothing compared to jail. What more can I say? Only that Im sorry Ralphs monologue I cant even begin the express the feeling of loss I have for both Simon and Piggy. They were my friends and they lost their lives trying to keep order. I hate Jack and I wish every day that it was he who had perished on the island and not Piggy or Simon. I suppose that I am to blame as well. Only if I had stopped Jack earlier none of this would have happened. The mere fact that I was once friends with Jack makes me sick. The flashbacks of that awful dance and Piggy tumbling off that cliff regularly haunt me. I cant get them out of my head, maybe thats a good thing because it means I will never forget their deaths or who caused them. The thought of Jack disgusts me, I cannot lay eyes on him for he is a murderer, a murderer who ruthlessly used his power to kill my friends. Eternity in jail is not enough for Jack, how can it be? Someone who has taken the life of another person unlawfully does not deserve the right to live. I shall write a book about my experience so that no one else has any indecisiveness about what to do in that situation. Thank God that most of the littluns are safe, I suppose they werent a big enough trophy for Jack to conquer. Roger has to pay as well, although Jack controlled the actions of his tribe I was always uneasy with Roger because I felt that if Jack was not there, Roger would be the one to lead their tribe. Now I hope that Piggy and Simon are living happily in heaven and when Jack dies, there is only one place he should go Rogers monologue I shall blame Jack for killing Simon and Piggy. In court I will say that he forced me to dislodge the boulder and kill Piggy. Hahaha no one will know that it was my full intention to kill. I will play for the sympathy vote in court and put on my best act so that it is Jack who gets sent down, not me. I feel like I missed out, I couldve tortured so many more people during my stay on the island. Oh well now its back to civilisation and rules and laws. How boring! I long for a chance to do everything again but this time I would make myself chief. I wonder what has happened to the beast. Maybe it will haunt that island forever. Now I am free because there isnt any beastie where I live, hehe. I can do what I like. Ralph seemed a good leader at first but he was too preoccupied with the fire and rescue. Jack was a better leader but he never fully got to that stage of really wanting to cause pain to theto the other children on the island. Instead it was always hunting with him. He wasnt able to see that I was bored hunting pigs. I wanted to hunt littluns. Samnerics monologue We were scared of Jack, really really scared. We hope that Ralph doesnt think that we betrayed him. We couldnt help it Jack forced us to join him, he said that if we didnt he would torture us. Roger also kept making threats to us and eventually it slipped out that you were hiding nearby. Our time in Jacks tribe was really quite boring and scary. At all times we were frightened that if we did anything wrong, Jack or Roger would hurt us. Almost all of the boys felt that way, we only did what Jack told us to do because we were scared of him, there wasnt any other reason. Poor Piggy, he was really dear to us and we miss him loads. We shouldve pushed Roger of from the cliff in retaliation but we were too stunned at the time. The shameful nature of our actions when were with Jack cannot be excused, especially the night Simon died. We didnt leave early that night like we had told Ralph and Piggy but we saw and took part in the dance albeit on the outside. That island made fools out of us, we hope to never return their again. Looking back it is hard to see how things turned out so bad. Probably the main reason things got out of hand was Jacks need for leadership. Many a time we saw that Jack hated following the orders of someone else. We will try to forget this solemn event in our lives Evidence for the religious perspective: Evil within man , island= eden, forget previous life, lack of moral/spiritual guidance caused sin+ destruction, created a primitive tribe religion, only god can save 1) evil with man golding believes this otherwise why make the character of Simon?(he is the one who says the beast is themselves) 2) eden, hmm not always, described as scar, other island has jagged rocks etc, but simons hideaway eden like, fruit is mentioned a LOT. 3) god does not save, simon fails, message that Golding is saying we cannot use God as an excuse for this, we must change this ourselves 4) much evidence for lack of moral guidance, no parent to give this, children think it is ok to torture each other + all the other horrible acts committed on the island 5) jack creates a rival religion to Ralphs one, boys like jacks more due to the ancestral desire for meat, hunting. Ironically, there is a sort of order in Jacks religion because every1 is so scared of doing anything wrong, they dont do anything. This works against them when they are ordered to kill, etc The legal angle, Cannot be held wholly responsible due to age, did they understand right from wrong?, premeditated? 1) well, ofc they cannot be held wholly responsible, they were only 12 years old 2) they could be because certainly Roger knew right from wrong, yet still he chose wrong, jack on the other hand was blinded by his passion for hunting 3) some actions were premeditated, the trap thought of by Jack at their new hideout 4) he sed that they cud use it to kill any1 who comes 5) simons death was not really premeditated, the boys got swept up in a mad deep passion which caused them to kill him 6) Roger+Jack however can be convicted of Piggys death, not of simons if some1 sed that they shud be convicted of simons death then all of the boys including Ralph+Piggy wud be convicted because of the first death caused by the huge fire, hmm maybe Piggy exempt+ littluns, rest convicted The moral viewsimilar to psychiatrists view and parts of religious view. The other children slowly absorb Jacks views because he is the head of that particular family, jack however turned nasty due to a return to primeval instincts. Cruelty flourishes in conditions where there is much fear, lack of parental guidance, feeling of nothing to lose , despair Hard to see if Jack felt despair, but certainly Ralph and Piggy do, instead they do not give up hope golding says capacity for selflessness and love this is shown by Piggy (towards littluns + Ralph (when he helps the crying one talk bout beastie)) Simon shows love towards all of nature, but he is not understood by others and is called batty. Again lack of parental guidance to tell them right from wrong+ children not on island are going wrong so imagine the difficulty for children on an island Humanist view: Fear- no one escapes fear, shown by the beast not including simon (he is afraid of speaking out) Tyranny,- Jack becomes a servant of his own thirst for blood,he does not rule himself, the hunger does, gets power and the situation becomes worse, breaks away from Ralph

Navigation v Conventional Techniques for Orthopaedic Surgery

Navigation v Conventional Techniques for Orthopaedic Surgery Bone Cutting, Soft Tissue Balancing; Cup Implant, Leg Length Discrepancy: Navigation vs. Conventional technique. Introduction In last decade, navigated implantation has become very popular and used in diverse areas of orthopaedic surgeries. This may be in total knee prosthesis, total hip arthroplasty and to restore leg discrepancies. All above surgeries require an accurate alignment of the implant, which is essential for implants long term survival. This is evident from the fact that in total knee replacement (TKR) surgeries proper bone cutting is necessary [1], total knee arthroplasty (TKA) requires correct soft tissue balancing [2], appropriate implantation of cup and stem in total hip arthroplasty (THA) [3], correcting leg discrepancies in total hip replacement (THR) [4]. Navigation system developed improves the reproducibility over conventional methods and assists surgeons with data for optimal position of implant to each individual patient. [2, 3] It was hypothesized that navigation assisted technique would result in achieving bone cut accuracy, better soft tissue balancing, good implant of cup and stem and enhanced joint reconstruction and control in leg length discrepancy as compared to conventionally used methods. Methods To test positioning time and bone cut accuracy in total knee replacement (TKR). Study involved 40 patients (23 females, 17 males) assigned randomly to TKR surgery using either conventional (n=20, mean patient age= 67.3 years) or Pivotal (n=20 mean patient age= 69.1 years) cutting blocks. Primary indication for surgical treatment was osteoarthritis (n=36), rheumatoid arthritis (n=3) and secondary posttraumatic gonarthrosis after tibial plateau fracture (n=1). All cases had posterior stabilized system with standard patellar component. The surgical approach used was medial parapatellar (n=8) or midvastus (n=32) approach. The implants used during the process were Scorpio PS (n=7), Scorpio Flex (n=20), Next Gen LPS (n=10) and LPS Flex Mobile bearing systems (n=4) fixed to bones by pins and screws. Accurate positioning was obtained by using navigation system. Block position was finalized by surgeon using this navigation system. Statistical differences in time and cut angles were measured by Mann-Whitney test (two-tailed; SPSS for Windows, Version 11.5). The significan ce level was set at p ≠¤0.05 for all analyses. [1] To test soft tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The study included 120 patients [navigation assisted gap-balancing (n=60); conventional resection technique (n=60)], enrolled and randomized using computer-generated numbers. An inclusion criterion was substantial pain and loss of function due to osteoarthritis of knee, with any degree of genu varum deformity. An exclusion criterion was genu valgum deformity, earlier knee surgery that required removal of metallic implant, or revision of TKA. Four patients were lost to follow up and therefore excluded from study. All surgeries were done by single surgeon. Both patient groups showed no significant differences in terms of demographic characteristics, knee functions, preoperative hospital-for-special-surgery (HSS) scores and degree of preoperative deformity. Follow up period was minimum 24 months post-surgery (mean follow up = 28 months). Surgical technique was similar in all patients consisting of midline skin incision and a medial parapatellar approach. Gap measurement was done at full extension and at 90à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ of flexion on medial and lateral sides of knee joint and defined as medial extension gap (MEG), medial flexion gap (MFG), lateral extension gap (LEG), and lateral flexion gap (LFG).Clinical outcome assessment was measured by HSS and ranges of motion (ROM) scores at latest follow up. All patients went through pre and post-operative (3months after surgery) standing radiographic assessment of AP and lateral views of entire lower limb. Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U tests was used for comparison of four variables in study, postoperative post-operative mechanical axes, HSS scores, and ROMs, between the two groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of proportion of outliers (trapezoidal gaps) in symmetric gap and mechanical axis. [2] To Test good implant of cup and stem in Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) The study involved 84 patients in two groups Navigated (42) Nonnavigated (42), with surgeries performed by investigator. Implant position was evaluated in post-operative anteroposterior radiography 2-3months after index surgery. Pelvic radiographs were taken in standing position of patient. Operated hip joints classified on basis of preoperative radiographs in three subgroups: Group 1: preoperative leg shortening (>5 mm); Group 2: preoperative leg length equality ( ±5 mm); Group 3: preoperative lengthening of the operated leg (>5 mm). Projected values for caput collum diaphysis (CCD) classified in three subgroups: 135 °. If any change in leg length was measured using distal line between teardrop figure and proximal corner of the lesser trochanter as an anatomical landmark. Scaling of pre and post-operative radiographs was distance between two teardrops and the head diameter of the hip replacement. Radiographic cup positions were measured for inclination with respect to teardrop line. All surgeries were done when patient was in 30 ° to 45 ° position. Any complication aroused during intraoperative and post operation was documented. General data (CCD angle, age, BMI) for both groups were compared as per Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric values and chi-square test for distribution of operated leg, gender and indication. [3] To Test enhanced joint reconstruction and control in leg length discrepancy Retrospective study involved 44 patients divided in two groups A (n=22; navigation/computer assisted THR) B (n=22; conventional free hand THR). Inclusion criteria involved patients with BMI 2 cm), or a major deformity of the femoral head or neck were excluded from study. Each patient in group A was matched in group B. This matching was done on basis of age (max difference +3 years), sex, arthritis level, preoperative diagnosis, and preoperative limb length discrepancy (max difference. + 0.3 cm). The length of involved limbs was less than or equal to that of the contralateral limb in all cases. The two groups were also compared according to hip function and number of postoperative dislocations. The same posterolateral approach was made to the hip joint in both groups, and the same prosthesis was used in all cases. The duration of surgery was documented. Digital radiographs (as per standardised protocol using same magnification) were used for pre and post-operative measurements of li mb length discrepancy and femoral offset. Radiographs were repeated if any mistake detected and these radiographs were assessed by independent radiologist blinded to original procedure. All episodes of hip dislocation were documented. At minimum follow-up of 3 months clinical outcome was evaluated using Harris Hip score. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS for Windows Release 11.0. Differences between two groups were measured using independent Students t-test or Mann-Whitney nonparametric test depending on the data distribution of the continuous variables. [4] Results Pivotal block consumed approximately half the time to adjust saw blade and perform proximal tibial and anterior and femoral resections as compared to conventional block. Statistically significant difference was observed in Pivotal and conventional blocks with respect to angular difference between instrument slots and resultant bone cuts in frontal plane. Also, Pivotal blocks eliminated angular differences >1à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. [1] The mean intraoperative gap in conventional resection technique group for MFG (medial flexion gap) was significantly greater (24  ± 3 mm) than navigation assisted (NA) gap-balancing (22  ± 3 mm) (p = 0.028), but other three gaps (LFG, MEG, and LEG) did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.167, 0.693, and 0.471, respectively). Statistical significant difference was seen in terms of kind of gaps in both groups: NA group, 88% (53 knees) -rectangular gaps and 12% (7knees)-trapezoidal gaps. Whereas in conventional group 75% (42 knees) -rectangular gaps and 25% (14knees) had trapezoidal gaps. Greater difference in medial gap difference (MGD; MFG-MEG) outliers in conventional group (23%) than NA group (5%) (p = 0.025). No difference was noticed in average postoperative mechanical axis of lower limb between NA and conventional group (1à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢  ± 2à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ vs. 1à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢  ± 3à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢; p=0.558). Greater number of outliers were seen in m echanical axis (>183à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ or Statistical difference was noted in patient’s age at time THA, with p value slightly below 0.05. Significant difference was seen during radiologic analysis of cup position {Non-navigated: 53 °, SD 8.1; Navigated: 44 °, SD 5.6, p135 °. No implant related or navigation technology related complications and no joint dislocations in both groups were noted. [3] There was no statistically significant difference in patient demographics. In both groups preoperative limb length discrepancy, no significant differences were noted. (0.9 cm navigation/computer assisted THR vs. 1.1cm free hand/conventional THR). Mean surgical time was 102.6 min, comparatively longer in navigation/computer assisted THR than free hand/conventional THR (87.7 min) Statistically significant difference was seen in mean postoperative leg length discrepancy of 0.4 cm in navigation/computer assisted THR to that of 0.8 cm (free hand/conventional THR). There were no cases of postoperative cases with leg length discrepancy > 1.0 cm >2.0 cm for navigation/computer assisted THR. However, in 9% cases (2patients) postoperative cases with leg length discrepancy > 1.0 cm was noted and 3patients (13.6%) had postoperative over lengthening mean of 0.4 cm in Free hand/conventional THR group. Recreation of femoral offset better in navigation/computer assisted THR than free hand/conventio nal THR group. Preoperative and postoperative femoral offset difference less in navigation/computer assisted THR than free hand/conventional THR, which was statistically significant. No statistically significant differences in Harris Hip Score in both groups. [4] Discussion The comparison of patient groups in navigated and non-navigated techniques may be a possible method for obtaining useful information regarding various orthopaedic surgeries. In our studies long term survival of prosthesis can be improved by accurate positioning of implant. This can save time and improve accuracy of the procedure. Klima, 2008 showed pivotal blocks used during surgery improved bone cuts and reduced time for positioning and adjustment by nearly 50%. In addition, navigation technique used allowed initial positioning to be achieved in 5-10 seconds. Also, navigation system indicated that all patients were within 3à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ in frontal plane angular bone cut deviations of ideal mechanical axis. Conventional blocks used were found to be associated with some degree of motion during insertion of pins, but this was not the case with pivotal blocks. [1] Lee. et al, 2010 showed, soft tissue balance can be achieved by having equal extension and flexion gaps after bone cutting and no inclination between medial and lateral bony surfaces. Any error in bone cutting can affect overall postoperative mechanical alignment and quickening of wear process. In study it was found that use of navigation guided gap balancing technique improved in creating accuracy of rectangular space between bones as compared to conventional measured resection technique. Only 12% (7 of 60 patients) in navigation TKAs had outliers of >3mm either medially or laterally in extension gap or 90à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ flexion were seen as compared to conventional TKAs (25%) [14 of 56 patients]. As compared to earlier studies, this study had outliers of the medial and lateral compartments together. There was no significant gap differences (FGD, EGD, and LGD) in both navigation assisted and conventional groups, in spite of that navigation guided technique proved to be more reliabl e in attaining equal joint gaps as there were small proportion of outliers in that group. Significant difference was seen in medial gap difference (MGD) in two groups. There were limited outliers in MGD observed and moreover navigation technique can be easily reproduced as compared to conventional technique, so this prevents unnecessary any over release of medial soft tissue during TKA. In addition, navigation system helped surgeon in correcting any kind of deformed alignment. Clinical outcomes were similar to both groups even though navigation group showed more accurate gap balancing than conventional group. This can be attributed to the fact that relatively small amount of asymmetry in soft tissue balancing in conventional group. Also, both groups had relatively short term follow up and inaccurate scoring system. The study had several limitations: during gap measurement patella was in laterally everted position, which is not anatomically correct. Ligament balancing was not taken i n consideration. Gap measurements was done by surgeon who performed operation in the study, this may have led to bias. [2] In a study by Mainard, 2008 showed that comparing navigated and non-navigated techniques can lead to information about benefits and any improvement required for position of implant. In this study, there was a clear and significant improvement of acetabular cup positioning by use of THA navigation. In both methods average total limb lengthening of operated joint was below 10mm (9.2 mm Non-navigated, 8.5 mm Navigated ), i.e. below clinical relevance value and comparable to other studies (mean lengthening 7mm). Mean post-operative limb discrepancy is close to 5 mm (6.2mm Non-Navigated; 4.4mm Navigated) comparable to 3.9 mm in other study with patient pool of 420. This study however had several limitations: retrospective in nature; Measurements of implant position are less accurate than CT based measurements; Radiologic and ante-version taken in standing positions with anteroposterior radiographs (not to exceed deviation of 5 mm compared with CT); Limb length data of un-operated hip join t is small (+ 1.3 mm- navigated ; -1.3mm – nonnavigated); Cup position measurements unimproved as patients radiograph is not in standing position; No change in leg lengthening data using navigated or non-navigated technique. [3] In a study by Confalonieri, et al, 2008 showed that to resurface hip arthroplasty short stem prostheses is an attractive alternative option with same selected indications. In this study 22 patients in each group were match paired using same modular short stemmed femoral component. Strict criteria were adhered to achieve the match. At minimum follow up of 3 months after surgical intervention results showed computer navigation provided better results in correction of limb length discrepancy and restoring original offset. However, there were few limitations associated with the study: Retrospective; patients were not randomized; short follow up; small number of cases in each group (hence, no clinical difference detected and findings for improvement in dislocation risk). [4] Conclusion From above studies it can be concluded that given correct indications navigation guided technique is a minimally invasive surgical option and is significantly better than conventionally used technique in orthopaedic surgeries which proves our original hypothesis. Though it might take a little longer time but can give better and improved results in bone cutting, soft tissue balancing, acetabular implant and correction of limb length discrepancy and restoring original offset depending on patient anatomy. Further research in this area is still directed. References Klima S, Zeh A, Josten C; Comparison of operative time and accuracy using conventional fixed navigation cutting blocks and adjustable Pivotal TM cutting blocks; Computer Aided Surgery, July 2008; 13(4): 225–232. Lee DH; Park JH; Song DI; Padhy D; Jeong WK; Han SB; Accuracy of soft tissue balancing in TKA: comparison between navigation-assisted gap balancing and conventional measured resection; Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2010) 18:381–387. Mainard D, Navigated and Nonnavigated Total Hip Arthroplasty: Results of Two Consecutive Series Using a Cementless Straight Hip Stem; Orthopedics; Oct 2008; 31 (10); 22-26. Confalonieri N; Manzotti A; Montironi F; Pullen C; Leg Length Discrepancy, Dislocation Rate, and Offset in Total Hip Replacement Using a Short Modular Stem: Navigation vs Conventional Free-hand; Orthopedics; Oct 2008; 31 (10); 35-39. 1

Women on Death Row :: Capital Punishment Essays

Women on Death Row The eighth amendment protects Americans from the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment. Many death penalty opponents use this as the backbone to their argument against capital punishment. Other than being cruel, I do not think that the death penalty can be used judiciously in the United States or any other part of the world. Personally, I do not think that human beings are perfect and as such they cannot set up a perfect justice system. In any justice system that is flawed and allows bias in certain cases, the death penalty should not be used as a means of punishment because of its irrevocable nature. When I came across Sarah Hawkins’ article regarding the case of Karla Faye Tucker, I was surprised to see the manifestation of my fears of the biases involved in the use of the death penalty in the case of this woman. Hawkins described how the representations of Tucker as a white, heterosexual Christian woman worked in her favor in the criminal justice system, and how media representations perpetuated the argument for her release from death row. Hawkins made very valid and convincing arguments that representations of â€Å"womanhood† that are expected in American culture can make a large difference in how we perceive criminals, and in certain cases these representations can be a matter of life or death. Of course, we all know from common sense that women are far less likely to be sentenced to death row than men. This should tip us off to the differences that the judicial system discriminates even in matters as important as murder or other capital offences. But within the subgroup of women prisoners there can be a distinction made between the representations of women more likely to be sentenced to death row, or in this case shown compassion while on death row. Hawkins describes this compassion as â€Å"typically extended only to female inmates who fit a certain predetermined societal profile of women†. This definition of â€Å"women† or â€Å"womanhood† is very interesting and deserves to be explored. In my past, I have a conception of women as being sweet and frail; basically incapable of doing wrong because they are too nice or too weak to do so. Women who are too intelligent or too strong are cast off as being masculine or lesbians. When female basketball pl ayers are seen on television, they are perceived as trying to be masculine.

Redefining The American Dream :: Philosophy Psychology Essays

Redefining The American Dream Consumption patterns portray the dynamic effect of the American Dream. The American Dream today is significantly different that it was fifty years ago. Today Americans work longer work hours, spend 40% more time watching T.V and 40% less time with their children (AGO 2001). â€Å"The avarice of mankind is insatiable,† claimed Aristotle when describing how the appetite of mankind is never satisfied (Durning). As every desire is satisfied a new one rises up to take its place (Durning). This is true for all people; we want more money, a better job, a new car, better benefits, on and on until suddenly it is clear that we have wasted our lives in search of something that actually never made us happy. A wise woman always told me â€Å"never have any expectations and you will always be pleasantly surprised†, the same holds true for consumption. Imagine a world where consumption was an addiction similar to alcohol or drugs. Over consuming is a crime punishable with jail time and â€Å"Consumer Anonymous† rehabilitation meetings. This was the world we attempted to portray during our brief â€Å"Consumers Anonymous† meeting. The opposite is currently happening, the economy expanded 4% between the first quarter of 1998 and 1999 (Krugman 1999). Consumption grew 5.5% during that period (Krugman 1999) . When the economy toke a down turn after President Bush was elected into office, the federal government urged Americans to â€Å"do their part† by spending. The average savings in the United States during 1970 was 8.5%, which has plummeted to an obscene low of 2.1% in 1997 by 1998 savings dropped even further to less than 0.5% (SLI). The lowest saving rate ever witnessed was in 1933 during the great depression at a –2.1% (SLI). By 1997 the total debt of U.S. households had reached 89% of the total household income (ecocompass 2000). The United States has less than 5% of the world’s population however; Americans consume 24% of the world’s energy, 27% of the world’s aluminum and 21% of the world’s beef (SLI). The big shocker is with all of this consumption the happiness levels are not raising (SLI).

Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism

1. List the three roles of ATP in muscle contraction:1. Energize the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge.2. Disconnecting the myosin head from the binding site on actin at the conclusion of a power stroke.3. Energizing the calcium ion pump.2. The potential energy in ATP is released when the terminal high-energy bond is broken by a process called hydrolysis. Write the end products of this process: ATP (+ H2O) ( ADP 3. Rebuilding ADP into ATP with a new source of energy is carried out by a process called dehydration synthesis. Write the equation for this process: ADP ( ATP (+ H2O) 4. List the three processes used to synthesize additional ATP when ATP supplies are low:1. Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate2. Glycolysis3. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation5. An immediate source of energy is creatine phosphate (CP), but the supplies are limited and rapidly depleted. One molecule of CP produces one ATP. 6. Glucose is a major source of energy for synthesizing ATP. List the two sources of glucose:1. Glucose enters the muscle cell directly from the blood.2. Glucose is produced by hydrolysis of glycogen stored in the muscle cell.7. Glycolysis is the process that breaks down glucose. Name two products of the breakdown of glucose:1. Two ATP molecules2. Pyruvic acid If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is the end product of anaerobic respiration.8. If oxygen is available, the process is known as ___aerobic_ respiration. Name two sources of oxygen:1. Oxygen enters the muscle cell directly from the blood.2. Oxygen is stored in myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein.The aerobic pathway consists of glycolysis + krebs cycle + oxidative phosphorylation. The net result of one glucose molecule is 36 ATP. 9. The process of restoring depleted energy reserves after exercise is called repaying the oxygen debt. Name four processes that occur during this time:1. Lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid, which enters the Krebs cycle, producing ATP.2. This ATP is used to rephosphorylate creatine into creatine phosphate.3. Glycogen is synthesized from glucose molecules.4. Additional oxygen re-builds to myoglobin.10. Put the following characteristics under the correct fiber type in the table below: Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylationuses glycolysis fatigue rapidlyhigh endurance few capillariesmany capillaries much myoglobinlittle myoglobin long-distance runnersprinter Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation uses glycolysis fatigue rapidly high endurance few capillaries many capillaries much myoglobin little myoglobin long-distance runner sprinter light in color, large diameter red in color, small diameter. Â  

Models of Organization Diagnosis

Introduction The primary purpose of this essay is to understand various models of organization diagnosis and their differences also well as their similarities, and also evaluate their strength and weakness. In order to understand these OD models we will need to know what is organizational diagnosis. What is Organizational Diagnosis? This is a strategy implemented by organizations to increase its effectiveness. This involves assessing an organization’s existing levels of performance, to design a suitable change that will achieve the expected performance. In organizational diagnosis, diagnostic activities should centre its focus on 2 main areas: – Subsystem areas (management, group, individual unit) – Organization processes (decision-making process, communication model, relationships between groups and the setting of goals. Organizational diagnostician carries out this process of diagnosis considering the whole organization as a total system. They use data form internal and external sources for this purpose. The organizational diagnosticians direct their focus on the activities they think are the vital for the existence of the organization. When performing the diagnosis whole organization is put into focus when drastic changes are needed (French & Bell, 1995). Lastly in the organizational diagnosis process, all the data collected are communicated back to the organization’s management in order to begin the organizational change phase (Harrison 1987). Uses of Organizational Diagnosis Models Organizational diagnosis models help to clearly understand inefficiencies and diversions from organizational goals and targets. Organizational diagnosis models also provide a systematic way together, categorize and understand data. Models identify crucial organizational variables which are theorized to exist according to previous research. Models also reflect the nature of relationship between important variable. Without such models it would be hard to collect and interpret data. Here I will analyse three such organizational diagnosis model, – Weisbord’s Six Box Model – Sharp-image Diagnosis model – The Congruence Model Weisbord’s Six Box Model This model of organizational diagnosis consist six elements which are purpose, structure, relationship, rewards, leadership and helpful mechanism. The model focuses on the areas of dissatisfaction as a starting point. The areas of dissatisfactions considered are from the customer point (external), internal point of view (management and employees). The main advantages of this organizational diagnosis model have been its easy to understand and adopt. The model draws from a number of management theory schools -organisation design, behavioural, psychology and organisational learning. Due to its very simplistic approach it has a lack of theoretically basis to determine the actual gaps, degree of change and inefficiencies in an organization. Weisbord’s model also fails to provide the actions needed to close gaps, degree of change and inefficiencies of organization structure. Harrison and Shirom (1999) says that Weisbord’s model, on identification of gaps, â€Å"for each of these elements, consultants has to diagnosis the gaps and degree of changes. – Gap between what exists now and ought to be – Gaps between what are actually done and what the mangers say is done. The Congruence Model The Congruence model considers data from internal and external of the organization, strategies employed, product and services (output) and how the people of the organization are organised to convert the inputs into outputs. In order to understand the organization system and also how these factors influence in achieving intended results. The Congruence model’s most important element is the concept of fit. Organization success depends on the alignment of each factor (people, work, structure and culture) to one another. The tighter they fit the greater congruence and higher performance is achieved. Sharp-image Diagnosis model This model is a combination of open system and political frame, which aims at a border view of the organization initially but later focus on core problems and challenges (Harrison and Shirom 1999). Sharp-image diagnosis model uses 3 steps to evaluate: 1. Gather data to identify problems 2. Uses theoretical models targeted to specific problems 3. Development of a diagnostic model to identify the root causes of problems Weakness of this model has been The lack of predetermined tools to carry out the organizational diagnosis – Need for highly experienced practitioners to develop customised diagnosis models The strengths of this model has been – The customised diagnosis models targeted at specific problems – Deals with high levels of feedback to managers to understand the diagnostic results. Main Similarities All three, the six box model, sharp-image diagnosis and the congruence model are based on action research models. Action research involves data collection, feedback of data to management and planing for change based of data. These models focus on inefficiencies to bring about change in those areas, will bring benefits the organization. Apply Weisbord’s Six Box Model to â€Å"Lentil as Anything† Marvin Weisbord identified a process with six steps to assist business to diagnosis its business operations. These steps identified by him are purpose, leadership, reward, structure, relationships and helpful mechanisms. These steps were introduced to assist organizations to improve their internal processes. â€Å"Lentil as Anything† and ordinary business with an extraordinary mission, which as has been giving a new meaning to pricing of meals. The concept that Lentils as Anything functions under is â€Å"No Pricing†, here customers can decide what they think their meals valve or how much they can afford to pay. â€Å"Lentil as Anything† first started with two employees and in one location but now after 8 years it has over 100 staff and operates in 4 locations in Melbourne. Its purpose being to serve its customers with food wether they can afford or not as become a reality. The next step in the model is structure. Structure is where an organization splits workloads between staff members, as every member cannot do all types of work. Everyone in the organization has to know and understand what there are required to do and what they are suppose to do. If staff does not know what is expected form them, there would chose and no work would be done efficiently. â€Å"Lentil as Anything† has mainly 3 departments, which administration dept, front of house and back of house. All of them have specific jobs at Lentils. Admin dept coordinates the purchases, supervision and other admin duties. While the back of house is responsible for preparing quality meals and the front of house is responsible for delivering quality customer service and maintaining the restaurant floor. Another step in this model is rewards. Rewards systems include bonuses, vacation time, awards, promotions and recognition. According to Michael le Boeuf, â€Å"you get more of the Behaviour you reward’. If business wants to achieve success and have satisfied employees there should be a reward system in place. In â€Å"Lentils and Anything† the reward system as been in the way of promotions to employees. Which as kept most of the staff happy and content with the recognition give to their hard work? The next step in the model is leadership. According to Weisbord, Leadership’s tasks are to set goals, scan the environments for opportunities and keep performance to defined objectives. Lentil as Anything has a laid back leadership style. This fits this environment as there are no rule and special guide line that staff as to follow at Lentils. Shanaka Fernando has being able to get his staff to carry out his vision successfully. The former Secretary of State, Colin Powell once said, â€Å"†¦the essence of leadership is the willingness to make the tough, unambiguous choices that will have an impact of the fate of the organization. Another step of the model is relationships. This one of the important factor in an organization, this allows management to solve conflicts between top management and staff. At Lentil, even though the relationship between the managers and other staff is good there are some thinks that need to improve. That is from the side of the founder Shanaka, who does not like to take others opinion and advice when making decisions. This has lead to managers leaving the organization. The last element of this model is helpful mechanisms. Helpful mechanisms refer to the policies, programs, meetings, systems, and committees. Those facilitate concerted efforts to meet goals. They include budget systems and planning and control mechanisms. At Lentil as Anything management meeting are rare and there has not been any staff meeting held to discuss any sought of issues. And also there are no mechanisms for employee feedback but there is strong informal grapevine is used to communicate issues. Lentils do not provide any training for its employees, it basically fits in the staff where work need to be done. Conclusion While six box model uses a simple and straightforward method and predefined models look at the organizational strategy, structure, rewards, leadership, relationships and helpful mechanisms. The sharp-image diagnosis model uses customised model to depending on the problem. While the congruence model considers data from internal and external of the organization, strategies employed product and services (output) and how the people of the organization are organised to convert the inputs into outputs. Despite their differences these models derive from action research. When applying the organizational diagnosis model to Lentil as Anything, the best and easy model was Weisbord’s Six Box theory. This model allowed to see the inefficiencies that were at every level of the organization. Now it’s up to the Lentil as Anything management to implement the necessary changes where the inefficiencies were highlighted. References: Kotelnikov,V. (2001), â€Å"Effective Reward Systems. † E-coach. 19 December 2010 Powell, C. (2001) â€Å"18 Lessons for Leaders. † 1000 advices. 19 December 2010 Weisbord, M. (2005-2008) â€Å"Six Boxes. Proven Models. 19 December 2010. Harrison, M. I. (1987). Diagnosing organizations: Methods, models, and processes. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Nadler, D. A. & Tushman, M. L. (1980). A model for diagnosing organizational behavior. Organizational Dynamics, French, W. , & Bell, C. (1999). Organization development: Behavioural science interventions for organization improvement. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Ha ll. Harrison, M. I. & Shirom, A. (1998) Organizational Diagnosis and Assessment: Bridging Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay

Private Schools VS. Public Schools Parents often wonder how to start off their children’s education. Depending on ones religion or beliefs a private or public school is a choose most parents face. Of course, each school offers it’s own pros and con’s the choice is simple. Public schools offer the best well rounding of a student. While being enrolled in a public school, students are faced with real outside world problems, are with a different blend of students each year, and are also introduced to the latest technology faster. While, a public school the money is offered to them by the state easier then having donations like a private school. Ones child will most likely be with the same students throughout their educational years. Classes aren’t as big and varied like classes at public schools. While in a public school, children view the wide spread cultures and human beings that make up today’s American society. Public schools have a wider variety of classes, which give students an opportunity to choose the classes the want. These classes allow students to pursue a career from the knowledge they have obtained. For example, one might take a business class, which could lead to a career in the business industry. On the other hand, in Private schools they only provide the necessary classes required by the state. In some intermediate private schools, Home Economics and Shop classes Brady 2 aren’t even offered. Unlike Public schools these classes have been offered since fifth or sixth grade and up. The uniforms in private schools ones child will be wearing would not allow the child to show character in his self. Uniforms may make life easier in the long run, but think of how many different ways in style people express themselves. There’s skater, prep, sporty, gothic, hippie, or whatever is convertible. In public schools, ones child has many different ways to fit in or dress how they feel is convertible to them. The sports in private schools aren’t that excelled as ones in public schools. Like in private intermediate schools there are not a variety of sports. Public schools offer sports as young as their primary schools. Sports in Public schools seem to be widely known and are more funded. The money that Public schools receive go towards uniforms, equipment, and top of the line coach’s. Public schools show to the community that they will educate and well round you child better then Private schools. Private schools will limit your children’s ability to grow. Although your child will receive religion in school as another subject, is it really worth it to you to have your child be deprived of the opportunity that will lead them to be a better person?

Trail of Tears

Reading Analysis Guide: Trail of Tears Part A The author, Dee Brown, gives a brief description about Andrew Jackson’s policy on Indian removal in order to gain popularity and power. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the cause and effects of â€Å"Indian Removal† during Jackson’s terms, ultimately creating the â€Å"Trail of Tears. † As early as the colonial period Indian removal was evident, Brown claims. Indians never really got along with white settlers, and even if they tried to resolve the conflicts, it would fail.Indian Removal calmed down over time but in 1828, Andrew Jackson ran for president and immediately knew he would have to wipe out the frontier states. He made a treaty in which the Indians had to remove themselves from the states and move west toward the Mississippi. On there â€Å"trip† to the Mississippi, Indians faced many hardships that included starvation, death, and disease. Part B I feel that all the information given wa s germane and strengthened the chapter as a whole.The strongest points are found when the author talks about the history of Indian Removal. He states that mistreatment of Indians was evident as early as the Colonial Period. I think starting from the historical view of Indian removal made the story flow well and did a good job at catching the reader’s attention. Brown also tells about how the Indians were in America first, and over the years they began ceding their land and adapting to the â€Å"white man’s way. † Part CThe Trial of Tears reminds me of the Taiwan and China during the domination of Chiang Kai-Sheik and Mao Zedong. Chiang Kai-Sheik was apart of the Kuomintang (KMT), while Mao was apart of the Communist Party of China. This can be compared to the Trail of Tears , because neither Chiang nor Mao would accept each other, which reflects the relationship of the Indians and the white settlers in the states. As a result , Chiang moved to Taiwann and declar ed independence from China causing the ROC, while Mao ruled just the mainland of China.Some of the same aspects occurred during this time period as in the Trail of Tears. Chiang are like the Indians, while Mao is like Andrew Jackson (along with the white settlers). Although Chiang and Mao had conflicts, no major violence occurred, however during the Indian Removal period you had the Black Hawk War and rebellions by the Indians. Also, Mao did not force Chiang to move, but Andrew did force the Indians.

Global Managerial Essay

Debt crisis of 1980 was quite significant in a number of ways. First it enabled the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to gain a visible role in managing its crisis. The crisis also played quite substantial role in financial crisis of Asians. IMF is criticized by many observers because of its ability to handle cases related to debt crisis but all in all this institution finally helped in resolving the acute phase of the debt crisis. The fund brought together the commercial banks, countries with debt and other issues which were involved in the crisis. Various involvements of MIF in their development issues were also illustrated by the debt crisis. The value of existence of IMF was greatly facilitated by the debt crisis. There are quite a number of social cost which arisen as a result of debt crisis of 1980. Debt crisis during this period eventually wiped out all the efforts which were made to reduce poverty within those countries which owned debts (Carrasco R. 2008). Global managerial entails shifting of management from being managed by the national state to being managed by the global institution. This shifting can be either absolute or not. Various institutions that are managed nationally usually embrace various global goals. The state need to adopt various procedures and policies so that they can achieve better global managerial since it entirely needs to be developed from within but not to be adopted from other countries. This usually helps in relocating producers in various global economies. This managerial basically recognizes global managerial in all parts of the world but not just in some specific parts. The debt crisis of 1980 was basically viewed as crisis for banking which left out other national economies to give various feedbacks which could else be challenging to the state’s development. Since debt crisis was entirely treated as banking crisis brought about global fin. This time of debt crisis physically brought a lot of challenges to various state developments. This resulted to rise of the social spending and various state enterprises were finally privatized as a result of these crisis. During the debt crisis regime, two trends were incorporated in the crisis which had emerged in 1970s. First economic growth diverged among the states which were affected by the crisis after they underwent the 3W as collective entities (Macesich 1996). Then the world economy was managed through global managerial and management strategies which were used were coordinated through procedures based on various rules which were used to solve out various management issues. During this regime various terms debts were rescheduled by most of the countries which made them not to pay for their dues as if was required. Therefore, these debts over extended and this made many countries which were being affected by the debt crisis. The debt crisis started to grow in early 80’s which was led by growing countries which earned a lot of money earned as a result of oil that they exported to other countries. This led to these countries having extra money which brought about idea of rendering the money to other countries which did not have a lot of income. These countries which had extra money as a result of sale of oil deposited their extra money into western banks which realized that most of the countries had a lot of money which was not freely circulating but it was only invested in banks (Baird 2006). This money was lead to the third world countries by the bank so that they could initiate various development projects which could consequently boost their status to produce more money and the banks believed that since the money was lead out for development projects, they will consequently pay with a lot of interest. Due to some factors which arose such as global recession, increased would interest rate and low prices of commodities eventually made a lot of debts to grow quite fast and therefore these countries begun to fail in the payment of their debts which made them to result in owning large amount of debts from the bank. The money which was loaned to those developing countries increased significantly during the early 1980’s. These countries since they were unable to pay their debts, they continued to owe money from World Bank, IMF and to other first world government which had invested their money in those bank. Therefore due to these huge debts owned by developing countries, the debts crisis arose. In quite simple terms, debt crisis arose as a result of debts owned by the third world countries. These debt crises kept on growing since these countries were unable to repay the debts that they owned from the banks. Most of the loans which are owned by the third world countries in most cases are repaid using hard currency which are quite stable and therefore their value to not keep on changing in most countries (Watkin 1995). Most developing countries usually use soft currencies which usually deteriorate the value with time and therefore it’s no very much applicable in paying the debts and therefore the debts owned by the country eventually rises. The values of debts kept growing which makes the export to decrease and the value of most of the commodities to consequently go down this has brought a lot of problems in paying back the loans they owned. Most of the Europeans countries were involved in various debt crises which were quite huge such that they could not be waved. Various institutions such as commercial banks facilitated the adverse growth of the debt crisis. Due to rapid development of the crisis, IMF played quite a major role in helping to solve various crises. It acted as a loophole for those countries which were heavy laden by debts but it was unable to solve various problems such as economic problem, societal and also political problems. Despite of its great effort to solve the crisis it failed in carrying out those measures. Debt crisis contributed greatly to global changes which are meant to control various economic services associated with the debt crisis and these economic policies are usually globally managed by which government is meant to adopt various policies which are usually presented by various global institution which are usually designed in regard to globe instead of national consideration which has consequently lead to erosion third world state’s sovereignty (Thedani 2006). Most of these countries acquired debts after borrowing money in late 1970’s and faced quite a number of difficulties in repaying the debts. After the debtors who were basically the banks made various negotiations in regard to the debts condition after they were equally accepted by the global management and they also had overview of the policies in regard to national economy. The countries which owned various debts developed financial power of world wide multilateral institutions which gave them powers to have concession from the state which helped them to pay their debts (Loxley 1998). It paying for their debts, it was required of them to adopt to move policies which were economic so that they can have strategies of repaying for their debts. During this time of debt crisis, various terms of economic managements were reformulated which enabled powers to be shifted from third world state towards various global agencies. The banking institutions which were involved in debt crisis to allocate powers onto themselves which were meant to regulate unprecedented power. In the rise of debt crisis, people believed that it rose to due to many factors. Some of those who observed the rise of debt crisis believed that petrodollar recycling which occurred during 1970’s resulted to these debt crises. This period is known to have had high oil prices which had risen drastically. Many of the countries which exported oil such as Middle East countries had a lot of profit which made them to invest large sum of money in various banking institutions especially in European and United State banks. These banks wanted to make profit for those countries which needed loans and this facilitated to them being led large sums of money which was not consequently repaid. Most of the developing countries by them wanted to borrow large sums of money so that they could boost their development projects. They believed that this money was relatively cheap and that they could be able to repay it without any problems. The debts kept on increasing and these people were finally unable to repay the debts which resulted to debt crisis of 1980. After this period of borrowing money from various banking institutions the export decreased and the internet rate increased significantly during the period in early 1980s. Due to this decrease, debtors consequently defeated in paying their debts to those banking institutions and therefore the country’s owner of money felt that they needed their money due to the decreased export. Giving out of these loans and borrowing of loans by the developing countries came to an end in 1980’s with global recession. The debtor countries had experienced quite a significant drop in their exports, and at the same time dollar value increased more than the value of other currencies which were used by other countries (Effros 1989). Interest rate globally increased foreign exchange which was reserved for debtors depleted and therefore these countries only looked upon the help from the various transactions which resulted from the international finances. Those debtor countries strained a lot in making arrangements to pay for their debts which was quite expensive for those countries since the money that they had received from these banking institutions had floating rates of interest which consequently increased with relative increase in global rates. Those who were active participant of the debt crisis included-government from both third world countries and those from developing countries, World Bank, banking institutions such as commercial bank and the IMF (Thedani 2006). As a result of their negotiation in regards to the debt crisis they made the international finances to collapse since they did not come in terms when negotiating for the means of payment of those debts since the currency was not stable and it kept on depreciating in value. The debt crisis caused a lot of strain on the social cost which lead to development of the lost decade those who were involved in debt crisis and also various observers and a negative attitude towards World Bank and IMF because of the way that they handled the debt crisis. Their criticism was quite similar to that of financial crisis which developed among the Asians. These banking institutions finally came up with stable way of dealing with the crisis since they came up with adjustment program by coming up with high prices in developing countries. Most of the developing countries contributed greatly to neoliberalism as a result of debt crisis (Pascual 2006). This is because these countries had to come up with their own ways of ensuring that they repay the debts that they owned with their own companies so that they could eventually raise money to repay their debts on. Those companies which were established by the developing countries, when they were unable to repay the debts that they owned they gave shares to those countries who had given the loans so that they could be part of the shareholders and they believed that this would help them in retrieving back their money. In conclusion, the debts owned by the third world countries cannot be repaid by those countries which are under developed loans which are rendered a fresh only increases the burden of debts in those countries and this can lead to future crisis arising and more also worsening since they will tighten the financial situation of the third world countries.

Process vs Product Drama in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Process vs Product Drama in Education - Essay Example According to the paper the intrinsic, imaginative of the student was part of learning and was based on the intrinsic needs of the individual. A new student-centered approach became a primary and secondary method of approaching process vs. product drama in education in England†¦ the exploration of intrinsic, imaginative needs from the ‘mind’s eye’ or inner visualization of the student was the basis of discussion and practice for production and performance moving into the 20th century. Thus, many of the ‘product vs. process drama’ perspectives were based on the intrinsic processes of the student-centered learning experiences. Teacher and drama education practitioner, Harriet-Finlay Johnson   claimed freedom of expression concerning ‘aesthetic valuation’ of product, production and performance of plays†¦a student’s aesthetics and perspective should be the diverse ‘lens’ through which the value of dramatic proce ss or theatrical experiences be judged. Analysis of the research literature is a predominant method by which this thesis.

The Impact of Immigration Law to the HR Field Research Paper

The Impact of Immigration Law to the HR Field - Research Paper Example President Obama’s immigration executive action will lead to significant changes in the wage structure of the US labor market that will demand the attention of HR planners and recruiters for a smooth transition. Various organizations and think tanks interested in the US immigration debate have given their analysis and forecasts on the potential impact of the president’s executive action on the US labor market. According to the Council of Economic Advisors estimates, the executive actions by President Obama are projected to raise the average wages of native-born American citizens by 0.3% (or $170 in today’s dollars) over the coming 10 years. The CAP estimates that wages will increase by an average of 8.5% over the next one year for individuals who will be eligible for new and deferred action (Center for American Progress). These wage gains will be driven by the potential eligibility for work permits, better job matches in the market as well as a reduced probability of being taken advantage of being employers. The FPI, on the other hand, estimates a 5 to 10 percent increase in wages over the next five years for the projected 5 million workers who will be expected to gain work authorization through the president executive's expanded deferred action (Garcia, 2013). The NAID Center approximates that the deferred action on 3.8 million undocumented immigrants could raise labor income by as much as $ 7.1 billion in the order’s first two years of implementation (â€Å"Executive Action†, 2014).

Managing change in orgainsations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing change in orgainsations - Essay Example The common definition of globalisation suggests that globalisation is fuelled by the interrelationship between various central trigger factors including economic, technological, socio-cultural, political and biological factors, resulting in the interconnectivity of states. In turn, the proliferation of the globalisation phenomenon has offered novel business opportunities regarding expansion in international business strategy. The integration of the globalisation phenomenon into business with the increased movement of capital and commodities has had a significant impact on international business strategy (Tomlinson, 1999). Additionally, Held and McGrew argue that globalisation represents the interconnectedness of states, societies and culture, which has thereby propelled global trade, ideas and capital (Held & McGrew, 1999). Furthermore Brah et al, argue that globalisation as a novel cultural paradigm is exemplified by the internet revolution, which has challenged methods of dissemination (Brah et al, 1999: 3). Moreover, Tomlinson posits that globalisation has had a concomitant effect on traditional cultural models with the creation of new cultural models (Tomlinson et al, 1999). The digital era fuelled novel business opportunities and the continuous evolution of online business channels has made multi-channel retailing a reality, with the customer now placed at the forefront of business strategy. In turn this has reshaped business distribution and marketing models in addition to competing in a product marketplace; in certain industries the customer is the marketplace. Indeed, the e-commerce business model has challenged traditional adage that â€Å"location, location, location† is critical to commercial success (Chaffey, D. 2006); which has threatened the traditional business model for travel agencies in the tourism industry; compelling agencies to formulate novel strategic moves to sustain continued growth (Zhou, Z. 2003). A prime

Our Bandit Future Cities, Shantytowns, and Climate Change Governance Essay

Our Bandit Future Cities, Shantytowns, and Climate Change Governance - Essay Example The researcher states that the effects of climate change on the world's cities and the people who live in them are not subjects that have received a great deal of attention, at least not in isolation from other climate change effects. Climate change effects tend to get considered in continental or regional terms: melting ice caps, agricultural crop losses across vast swaths of land, and shoreline loss that will inundate sub-continents. Alternately, the discussion tends to focus on behavioral change, again at the level of entire national populations, suggesting that countries must consider using cleaner energy sources, producing cleaner-burning vehicles, and providing incentives for citizens to insulate their homes better. Many, if not most, commentators seem to endorse the view that resolution of climate change challenges should be addressed at the global level and enforced by state parties pursuant to global accords. More recently, there has been some discussion of the inequalities that climate change will exacerbate. Crudely put, the analysis posits that poorer nations, especially those in Asia and Africa, will become poorer, while the richer nations will--if they do not become richer--suffer fewer of the negative consequences of climate change. In light of these differential climate change effects on poorer nations, some analysts have explored the probability of increased civil strife. However, even when the literature examines effects of climate change on civil strife, the analysis tends to address national roles and bilateral or multilateral national responses. (5) Furthermore, when land use changes are discussed, urban land use is typically excluded from consideration. The focus tends to be on deforestation and agricultural land. (6) This debate strikingly neglects what is arguably the dominant demographic shift of  our  era, namely the global trend towards urbanization--the move to mega-cities. As the United Nations Population Fund reports, in 2008, a majority of the world's population will live in urban areas. That number is expected to increase by another 50% by 2030. (7) In historical terms, it is impossible to understate the significance of this phenomenon, especially inasmuch as the vast majority of these urban immigrants will arrive with few resources and live in slum conditions. (8) Moreover, perhaps the characteristic feature of many such slums is that they are dominated by the informal economy, characterized by oppressive systems of patronage, corruption, and violence. (9) As the world gets hotter, this seems likely to create a--perhaps literally--combustible situation. (10) A host of factors, including environmental degradation, inadequate provision of environmental and infrastructure services, and limited employment opportunities are combining to turn many of the world's mega-slums into dangerous, violent places. (11) Moreover, there is considerable literature that has examined the relationship between increased urba n violence and temperature rise. (12) It does not seem unreasonable, therefore, to posit a connection between climate change and urban violence, one that calls