Journal of Marital and Family Therapy

Question: Describe about the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy? Answer: Introduction Bereavement could influence any and every aspect of the life and well-being, right from physical as well as mental health till the feelings of the connectedness as well as ability to operate and function at work otherwise school. Death generally means other alterations for those who are left behind, like taking on some novel responsibilities otherwise moving house and sometimes even adjusting to a very different life style and living standards. Impact of bereavement: Physical impact- Things like Exhaustion and muscle tightness otherwise weakness or even body pains as well as fidgety restlessness might have been observed within Georges body as he faced a bereavement. Even lack of energy could have been observed in his physical appearance (Becvar, 2003). As an outcome of bereavement he might face insomnia or even tend to sleep extra, and might even get some disturbing dreams. Also George might face problems with his digestive system. Bereavement also cause the loss of the appetite and sometimes even results in overeating. It might also happen with him and he would tend towards indigestion, disorders in the intestine and problems like diarrhea, extra weight gain otherwise loss.Some symptoms of anxiety can also be seen like headaches and short of the breath, tightness and even heaviness in throat as well as chest pressure. But, fortunately, in case of Mr. George any of the above physical effects were not seen, it means that George was merely emotionally affected with whatever his mothers death has caused to him and he might gradually improve with passing time (Williams and Hall, 2009). Psychological impact- Grief of losing mother affected George emotionally and also mentally plus even affected the way he could relate himself to others. He expected his mother to die as she was suffering cancer yet, he was unable to make himself understand and accept the fact. Emptiness depression- Sense of depression as well as emptiness also could have hit him but no such symptom was seen within George (Blaxter, 2004) Anger- People facing bereavement might at times feel the anger at injustice of the loss, or at lack of proper understanding in some others. But here in this case, people supported George and were very helpful towards him, thus no such scene occurred. Social impact- After sustaining the big loss which George faced as his mother dies, he felt some changes within. He was able to survive the grief, yet life, though he was not seen the same thereafter. This might impact his social life within coming time in some or other way. There are possibilities for him to either lose or gain, few friends. As seen in the case George gained some new friends and was fortunate enough to attain help from others. Social support was abundant for him soon after loss that he suffered. Friends plus many support teams gathered to provide the support (Weiss, 1985). Analyse possible group responses to bereavement. Losing a person or someone otherwise something one loves or cares deeply about actually seems to be very painful. Like George who lost her mother was in grief after the incident and remembered her every time. He experienced some types of difficulties in handling his emotions and also felt like pain plus sadness deep inside. These were just normal reactions towards the significant loss that he faced in his life merely few days back. Yet there is in fact no real right otherwise wrong towards the way to the grief, there are also some healthy ways towards cope with pain that, timely, can renew a person and permit him to move further in his life. After the natural death like what happened with Gary (Georges mother) most bereaved (and same was the case with George) find support as well as course their grief with help of all of their social members in the social network of the family plus friends. Also a majority of the bereaved people even say that they need help and support from the profe ssionals as well as they have lost a very close person within some unnatural/traumatic condition of death, but such a traumatic condition was not the case with George. George like most of the bereaved persons has experienced a painful grief and also a very distressing as well as emotional, physical, plus social reaction for self. Friends, and family as well as other people close people also might have faceddementia feelings of the grief, but teachers in the school did not react in this way and were actually happy about the death as they felt that Garry was suffering from long time. Impact For The Others In The Health Social Care When A Person Is Bereaved Staffs of health care firms and other professionals like nurses, doctors and people who were part of the support groups also experienced majority of the grief related signs. As they worked day and night for such people, they felt the pain of George deep inside and helped him to cope up with the same. Due to their spending of time with Gary they developed a closer as well as longer relationship with her. This hurt them drastically. There were several symptoms like the physical, emotional and also relationships with Gary that effected work and also performances of the professionals for some time. The majorly common reported impacts were feeling sad plus crying as well as thinking about the death and negative affect of death like ruining of the relation and also the affect that the death had on their performance both in the home and also at work. Even the staffs were seen losing capability to provide similar level of help, compassion and support to patients as well as their families lik e they have in the past done to Gary. Psychologists as well as social workers even faced pain as the difficult issue that disturbed the professionals. Their profession and work also were not to much extent but was seen a bit affected and even the staffs did not like to work extra. Nurses plus other healthcare labors also got affected and had some socio-cultural impacts and the personal life facts and experiences also got affected (Brady, 2014). Effectiveness Of The Organisational Policies Plus Procedures Of The Supporting Bereaved Person Like Mrs Garry And Also Her Social Networks- Statutory organizations actually have a task and responsibility towards ensuring that data as well as information and all the practical as well as emotional support gets available to the individuals who are actually bereaved. Voluntary organizations plus the volunteers even offer some vital services to such people. This guidance in fact is to make them feel supported to develop services intended for the important group. The affects of the organizational policies could be as follows: Confidentiality: Such services were there and they respected the confidentiality as well as privacy of George and also all the information which he needed from the school was shared and he was assured that the information will be safeguarded, consent as well as will remain under data protection. Respect: Such services also respected individuality of Georges grief as well as needs, along with him getting treated with proper compassion as well as sensitivity (Davidsen-Nielsen and Leick, 1993). Equality Diversity: These services even were seen to be nondiscriminatory as well as were delivered without any prejudice, recognizing plus responding towards personal beliefs in addition to individual situations comprising of age, culture, sexuality, disability, gender, race and religion otherwise spirituality. Quality: These principles even ensured that all the people delivering support and compassion to the bereaved people, have proper skills, knowledge and training, supervision as well as support pertinent to their job and role, and also assured that all these services work towards improving what they actually offer. Safety: Such principles of the organizations have rousted procedures for recruitment which also included proper phases of clearance along with Disclosure as well as Barring Service plus some ongoing staff and volunteer growth plus development (Stewart, 1983). These standards actually are suggested to be minimum level for the bereavement support that was also provided to Mr. George from the pupils, their parents and also the other staffs of the school where Gary worked as a teacher. How Others Within The Social Networks Might Provide Support To People Experiencing Life Events During the bereavement phase or crisis, bereaved person George was supported by the populace in the social network. It was not the material support like food, money, but was emotional support such as useful information, and advice along with solution to personal issues, some religious help, and making him spend some time with friends as well as making him visit families and friends that and also co-workers plus neighbors etc. Some sorts of support and actions which were undertaken to make him feel better was as follows: Counseling him- Coping with the life events, and finally with some death, presented vast emotional challenge as well as risks toward George and also his families plus friends. He was counseled and was made feel relaxed. While few individuals favor to deal with such challenge all alone, several find it very helpful to discuss to someone. Thus he could have been supported by supplying proper interaction and counseling sessions as well (Devlin-Friend, 2006). Spreading positivity- People tried to inculcate positivity all around George who faced bereavement. This made him feel better in the surrounding. Discussion- Things were discussed and he was never left all alone. Training and experience- well qualified Counselors undertook the task of offering support to George. They were properly trained ones. Evaluate Suitability Of The External Sources While death of people one loves, like death of Mrs. Gary, Georges mother with whom his life was entwined can be linked with a phase of suffering, where every loss was unique as well as he needed immense support. The justification for assessing and evaluating need for bereavement support might be summarized in following points: Palliative care- This encompassed the requirements of family who was Garys son named George. He wanted to fulfill last dream of his mother and for this needed support from the pupils and teachers of school where Gary herself worked as a teacher (Dyregrov and Gjestad, 2012). He being a son has very strong emotional as well as social bond with patient (Mrs. Gary) and thus seeks his active involvement within the decision making was necessary. The palliative care supplier was well placed and they assessed need as well as provided the continuity for care to Garys son after the bereavement that he faced. There was duty of the care towards minimizing risks towards health associated along with bereavement through offering the support proactively for George who was at risk for developing the complicated grief. There even was no evidence that the bereaved person named George would need help, as well as support was needed to be channeled towards George, and this was properly fulfilled. Services also were needed to make best utilization of the limited resources. And this was properly done within the school were all relevant data and information were supplied to the bereaved person. Role of the palliative care and bereavement services, thus, prevented otherwise ameliorated detrimental health results linked with the bereavement. Support plans and strategies also included memorial services and social groups and also therapeutic groups as well as life events. The most general element was the help and support that the organization supplied to George (Eddy, 1994). In the case of Mr. George also, loss of his mother and feeling of guilt spoiled him to vast extent and he was majorly affected with whatever happened. He was deeply upset with whatever happened and even felt worse as he could never bring her mother back. Though later he gained some experience and help from support group that he met in the hospital itself and also he got lot of support from the pupils and their parents and other teachers of the school where his mother was a teacher (Penson, 1990). Organisational Responses To The Need To Support Individuals Experiencing A Significant Life Event All organizations actually are potentially vulnerable towards events that beyond control and that which can produce resulting situations like serious illness of a staff, or seeking support from families of the ill staffs and/ or losing a staff due to his death and many more. An organization's capability to function just after any trauma otherwise tragedy is because of the tangible links and connections as well as networks that it has formed amid people that work there.Some basic reactions are: Development of a Critical Incident Response Team The organization might tend to make and build up a team of experts who would deal with all the losses that have been done by the trauma to the firm. This team will have a proper representative right from Security and Safety, Risk Management as well as Legal Counsel and also Human Resources plus Health Office (Hemmings, 1999). Organization might prepare an incident response manual Organization might have a policy plus procedural manual which would details roles of the organization members towards responding to the incident. Vital concerns for crisis team must include: Staff safety plus emergency operating processes Emergency and medical procedures Tragedy policies procedures for personnel Emergency economic procedures Training supervisors as well as staffs An organization must train its staffs for management of any such incident occurring. Critical Stress Management must also be designed to properly mitigate as well as, if possible, appropriately prevent development of the potentially immobilize post disturbing stress symptoms plus other stress-related mess (Henningfeld, 2009). Bereavement Session Organization might undertake some meetings that will be used while a death generally usually death of an employee that has taken place outside of the workplace and is not witnessed. Such meetings are supportive as well as informational, along with staffs sharing reactions, plus EAP providing some coping skills additional to resources for the management of grief. Counselor might also facilitate proper discussion addressing all the helpful ideas intended for honoring staffs, attending funeral, dealing with work possessions as well as family of staffs, and also workload of the co-workers. Own Contributions To Support The Individuals Experiencing Vital Life Events Many stressful life events could also have a very substantial affect on those that experience such events in life. For few, experience with some shocking life event could also leave them very confused, withdrawn, and depressed, as well as increasingly vulnerable towards next stressful condition that arises. There are several contributions that could help me towards extending support to people who experience significant life events (Hoffman and Coffey, 2008). Counseling- I tried to talk out things with the person facing the life event. It wore his shoes and tried to understand what he was feeling at the moment. Even while talking out things I was extra careful and was worried about not uttering anything that was unacceptable by the person in this condition. Discussion- I discussed the facts with George and asked him what he was feeling with the situation he faced and was he emotionally disturbed with the incident that took place. Extending support- I extended my support and helped George gather information about his mother and her willingness from the school children as well as from the teachers in the school his mother worked as a teacher and also other pupils plus their parents (Leckey, 1991). Recommendations to improve support in health social care firm for individuals: Health promotion programs- The organization can arrange for health promotion program where the staffs could be taught to handle the situations carefully and calmly and also the importance of peoples health must be inculcated within minds of staffs of the firm (Parkes, 2014) Cost saving- Staffs must be taught how to save cost and supply best services to people in less cost. This will help the organization to gain more and more profit with each passing day. Training and development sessions- Some proper session must be organized for the employees and workers of the organization and they should be given all details about how to solve problems and how to understand people and their problems. Promoting the firm- Initiatives must be undertaken to promote the organization to the extent possible. The organization must undertake tasks through which it could get into agreements with hospitals and trauma centers so that they can find more and more customers and can supply good benefit to all those seeking services from the organization (Kadushin and Egan, 2001). Communication Dissemination Activities- Activities related to discussion with the patients and handling them carefully must be enhanced by the organization and the firm must train its staffs in a way that they tend to talk out things and not just supply medicines to people. Rewards and awards- the organization must undertake motivation actions that could promote its staffs and motivate them towards work. Some rewards and awards must be given to the employees working efficiently and effectively for the firm and also for them who have helped people in coping up process of the individuals facing traumas of life. This activity can motivate the employees towards putting extra effort and efficiency towards their task (Mansfield, 2012). Conclusion: In a nutshell, there is actually no right otherwise wrong path in dealing and handling the grief as well as take it as a normal reaction towards loss. Several people cope up with the loss in the best way that they can. But many get abnormal. There are several different ways to handle traumas of life and each way differs from one another depending on the person who is facing the situation. No one at anytime gets over death of the child and few also experience yearning for child 20-30yrs later. Traumas adequately impact both organization as well as its staffs. In several cases critical incidentshave been catastrophic events which have occurred with less or simply no warning, therefore allowing those affected people little otherwise no opportunity towards considering or planning for incident. Thus people facing traumas and those supporting him/her also must be very careful and concerned about the incident and should know proper ways to deal with them. George did not face much problem be cause he got tremendous support from all the social beings around him. Thus the case was seen les complicated. References: Becvar, D. (2003). the impact on the family therapist of a focus on death, dying, and bereavement. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(4), pp.469-477. Blaxter, M. (2004). Health. Cambridge, UK, Malden, MA: Polity. Boncheva, I. (2012). EXPERIENCE OF SIGNIFICANT LIFE EVENTS IN INDIVIDUALS DIAGNOSED WITH PREHYPERTENSION. JofIMAB, 18, 3(2012), pp.327-329. Bowman, T. (1999). Leading a bereavement group. Bereavement Care, 18(1), pp.3-4. Brady, D. (2014). Bereavement round up. Bereavement Care, 33(2), pp.84-85. Davidsen-Nielsen, M. and Leick, N. (1993). Directive grief treatment in a group setting. Bereavement Care, 12(3), pp.29-32. Devlin-Friend, N. (2006). Bereavement in primary education. Bereavement Care, 25(2), pp.31-32. Donnelly, M. and Rowling, L. (2007). The impact of critical incidents on school counsellors. Bereavement Care, 26(1), pp.11-14. Dyregrov, A. and Gjestad, R. (2012). Losing a child: the impact on parental sexual activity. Bereavement Care, 31(1), pp.18-24. Eddy, M. (1994). Science and health. Boston, Mass.: First Church of Christ, Scientist. Hemmings, P. (1999). The volcano of anger. Bereavement Care, 18(2), pp.26-27. Henley, S. (1983). BEREAVEMENT BY SUICIDE. Bereavement Care, 2(2), pp.6-7. Henningfeld, D. (2009). Health. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Hoffman, L. and Coffey, B. (2008). Dignity and indignation: How people experiencing homelessness view services and providers. The Social Science Journal, 45(2), pp.207-222. Kadushin, G. and Egan, M. (2001). Ethical Dilemmas in Home Health Care: A Social Work Perspective. Health Social Work, 26(3), pp.136-149. Leckey, J. (1991). Attitudes and Responses to Death Education of a Sample of Primary School Teachers in Belfast. Bereavement Care, 10(2), pp.22-23. Mansfield, S. (2012). Understanding Health and Social Care Second editionUnderstanding Health and Social Care Second edition. Nursing Standard, 26(44), pp.31-31. Parkes, C. (2014). Responses to disaster: reflections on a visit to Japan. Bereavement Care, 33(2), pp.49-55. Penson, J. (1990). Teaching Bereavement Care. Bereavement Care, 9(2), pp.22-24. Simone, C. (2008). Parental suicide. Bereavement Care, 27(3), pp.43-46. Stewart, B. (1983). Life Events in Old Age: Does Social Support Provide a Buffer for Health?. PsycCRITIQUES, 28(10). Watters, L., McKenzie, K. and Wright, R. (2011). The impact of staff training on the knowledge of support staff in relation to bereavement and people with an intellectual disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40(3), pp.194-200. Weiss, R. (1985). LONELINESS AFTER BEREAVEMENT. Bereavement Care, 4(3), pp.26-35. Williams, J. and Hall, J. (2009). Stress and Traumatic Stress: How Do Past Events Influence Current Traumatic Stress among Mothers Experiencing Homelessness?. Social Work Research, 33(4), pp.199-207.

Merging Of Kraft and Heinz as a More Global Company

Question: Discuss a news item or event that has arisen within the past month that has relevance to Strategic Management.Include the following: Topic Date Source which may include, radio, television, newspaper, internet, etc. Summary of the news item Conclusions or commentary about relevance to strategic management of business Answer: Topic The topic of this study is Merging of Kraft and Heinz as a more global company. Date The Kraft and Heinz Company of US has started to operate their business as a merged company from July 6, 2015. They started to operate under the trademark KHC. Source The sources for this topic are internet and newspaper and the officials of KHC. Summary of the news item The Kraft Company provides household products. Their products rank as no.1 or 2 in core category. Heinz is a global company which ranks as no.1 or 2 in food products. The main product of this company is ketchup (Noguchi, 2015). The officials said that the merging of these two company would save $1.5 billion cost by the year 2017, which is a part of strategic management (Green, 2015). The shareholder of Kraft Company will acquire 49% stake and the shareholder of Heinz Company would acquire 51% stake. Apart from stock the Kraft Company will be provided with special dividend of $16.50 in each share. Kraft and Heinz has started to operate as merged company from July, 2015 (Kammerer, 2015). This deal has created a food and beverage company which stands third largest beverage company in North America. Merging of these two companies has combined the namesake cheese and planter peanut of Kraft Company with the product of ketchup sauces of Heinz Company. These new company has already adopted some new strategic changes to cop up with the competitive challenges of other company. Conclusion Merger makes a lot of sense in strategic management. Both the firms were having a sophisticated supply chain management. This culture had been proved that these two companies are easy to integrate. The management of these two companies have measured that the merging of this two companies would save $1.5 billion cost by the year 2017, which is a part of strategic management (Seefeld, 2015). The new company has implemented a zero based budgeting in which the manager of the company gas to calculate every forecast expenses to reduce cost (Tremblay, 2015). Reference List Green, T. (2015). Editor's Note.Strategic Enrollment Mgmt Quarterly,2(4), 248-249. Kammerer, R. (2015). 116. Structural basis for recognition of synaptic vesicle protein 2C by botulinum neurotoxin A.Toxicon,93, S35-S36. Noguchi, Y. (2015). Merging with a set of probability measures: A characterization.Theoretical Economics,10(2), 411-444. Seefeld, K. (2015). The Role of a Scholar Practitioner in Strategic Enrollment Management. Strategic Enrollment Mgmt Quarterly,3(1), 29-40. Tremblay, C. (2015). Certifying Enrollment Management Professionals.Strategic Enrollment Mgmt Quarterly,3(1), 62-81

How to Format a Sample Essay - An Ibo J-Card Essay Formatting Tutorial

How to Format a Sample Essay - An Ibo J-Card Essay Formatting TutorialIf you are looking for a good work at home English language and literature tutorial you have come to the right place. What I am going to discuss in this article will show you how to format a sample essay using the Ibo J-card essay format.There are many ways of putting together an essay and the first is to use the Ibo J-card format. You can get an excellent quality pack of articles from most of the top eBook and writing sites such as eBook writing sites. All you need to do is to put your topic on the front cover, type in the content that you want to write and copy and paste it.If you like the J-card format then you will want to copy and paste each essay in this article. If you want to keep your essay organized all you have to do is use a combination of regular white spaces, as well as your signature on the text you wrote. I have included the words that I am going to use in italics for easy reading.When I first start ed out, I was under the impression that it was very hard to format an essay. I would read a lot of essay prompts and examples but I could not quite figure out how to format my own essay so I did not feel like giving it a try.However, I found that if I kept at it I eventually got it. When I realized that I was getting better at it and I really wanted to take it to the next level, I made a decision to do it myself.A few weeks ago I received an e-mail from an acquaintance of mine asking me if I could format an essay for her. After doing some research and reading a couple of websites I decided to give it a shot. Here is what I did.I am happy to say that it was a big step forward in my life and writing skills. With the help of this article you can learn to format an essay yourself. So if you are looking for a great work at home English language and literature tutorial then visit the links below.

Bridge to Wisemans Cove free essay sample

One of the main ideas in the novel is family. In the novel, Carl and Harley are desert by their family and are forced to move in with their aunt who doesn’t care that the three of them share a bond with each other. Also, at their new home Carl and Harley are often detested because of what had happened in the past with their grandfather so another situation regarding their family has landed the brothers into another dilemma.As the story progresses, Carl regains the trust of the townspeople in Carl and Harley and they lose the label of the Matt Family being a bunch of troublemakers and by the end of the novel Carl and Harley are able to get their lives back by joining a new family. Journey: During the course of the novel, self conscious, awkward Carl matures and begins to stand up for himself. When Carl first arrives in Wattle Beach he is miserable and lonely. We will write a custom essay sample on Bridge to Wisemans Cove or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is extremely naive and hands all his money over to Beryl.Then, once he starts working, in an effort to have her keep him and Harley, he gives her all of his pay. Gradually, Carl learns to stand up for himself and his brother. When Beryl chains Harley up, Carl finds the courage to confront her at the club where she has been all day playing the pokies. Towards the end of the novel, Carl is regard as a hero by protecting Maddie by standing up to Nathan- â€Å"No-one’s ever told him of like that†. Each time Carl starts to get a little more self-confident another secret is revealed and he slips back into his self-doubts but at the end, he has clearly matured.Love: Carl is crippled by the belief that his mother no longer loves him. Carl is a gentle person with a lot of love to give- He goes to Nugent’s store every afternoon to meet the bus, hoping that his mother will get off it. He buys reflectors for Harley’s bike and a coffee plunger for Beryl, even though he receives and expects nothing in return. He constantly looks out for Harley and tries to protect him in every way. Throughout the novel Carl is haunted by Beryl’s comment â€Å"Who’ll ever love you†. Courage: Courage is shown in many ways throughout this novel. When Carl finds Harley chained up at home whilst Beryl is at the bowl’s club, He has the courage to confront her and set things straight. When Carl is working on the Barge and Skip Duncan finds out who he really is, one of the Matt’s, Sip wants him off the barge straight away and to never come back. Carl has the courage to stand up for himself and tell him that he is nothing like his grandfather. By the end of the book, Carl finds the courage to grasp some happiness for himself and for Harley as well.

Free Essays on The African Slave Trade

The course of human history is marked by terable crimes. How was it possible? How could it have gone on for so long, and on such a scale? A tragedy of such dimensions has no similar effects in any other part of the world. Here is how it became. The African continent was stripped of its human resources by all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries. Then more than four centuries of a regular slave trade to build the Americas and the prosperity of the Christian states of Europe. Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, possibly as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty across the Atlantic Ocean (1). Of all these slave routes, the "slave trade" in its purest form, i.e. the European Atlantic trade, attracts most attention and gives rise to most debate. The Atlantic trade is the least poorly documented to date, but this is not the only reason. More significantly, it was directed at Africans only, whereas the Muslim countries enslaved both Blacks and Whites. And it was the f orm of slavery that indisputably contributed most to the present situation of Africa. It permanently weakened the continent, led to its colonisation by the Europeans in the nineteenth century, and engendered the racism and contempt from which Africans still suffer. While specialists squabble about the details, the basic questions raised by the enslavement of the Africans have scarcely varied since the eighteenth century, when the issue first became the subject of public debate as the result of the efforts of abolitionists in the Northern slave states, the demands of black intellectuals, and the unremitting struggle of the slaves themselves. Why the Africans rather than other peoples? Who exactly should be held re... Free Essays on The African Slave Trade Free Essays on The African Slave Trade The course of human history is marked by terable crimes. How was it possible? How could it have gone on for so long, and on such a scale? A tragedy of such dimensions has no similar effects in any other part of the world. Here is how it became. The African continent was stripped of its human resources by all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries. Then more than four centuries of a regular slave trade to build the Americas and the prosperity of the Christian states of Europe. Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, possibly as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty across the Atlantic Ocean (1). Of all these slave routes, the "slave trade" in its purest form, i.e. the European Atlantic trade, attracts most attention and gives rise to most debate. The Atlantic trade is the least poorly documented to date, but this is not the only reason. More significantly, it was directed at Africans only, whereas the Muslim countries enslaved both Blacks and Whites. And it was the f orm of slavery that indisputably contributed most to the present situation of Africa. It permanently weakened the continent, led to its colonisation by the Europeans in the nineteenth century, and engendered the racism and contempt from which Africans still suffer. While specialists squabble about the details, the basic questions raised by the enslavement of the Africans have scarcely varied since the eighteenth century, when the issue first became the subject of public debate as the result of the efforts of abolitionists in the Northern slave states, the demands of black intellectuals, and the unremitting struggle of the slaves themselves. Why the Africans rather than other peoples? Who exactly should be held re...

Exploring the use of outdoor play to support children's development in Essay

Exploring the use of outdoor play to support children's development in a nursery in Beckton - Essay Example One strategy seen as such is outdoor play. How useful, beneficial and challenging it is are the issues this study seeks to answer. 2.2. Significance This study can be significant in varied ways: It can be an impetus for the development of outdoor play as a vital strategy in providing meaningful early learning experiences to children; It can provide useful insights for policy making and curriculum development in nursery and pre-elementary education; and It can provide useful information for education stakeholders (school, family, community) in making use of outdoor play to promote the child’s total development. 2.3. Motivation Providing children with the best possible learning experiences that would make them enjoy schooling is what motivated the researcher to work on this topic. Knowing that children love to play, the researcher finds it interestingly relevant to explore the use of outdoor play to support children’s development, especially so that outdoor play had tradi tionally been the main strategy of nursery education (Lindon 2001, p. 125). As such underlying this study is the belief that a well-planned and well-supervised outdoor play would spell a big difference in children’s early development. 2.4. ... Introduction Learning should bring out the best in every individual. It should be enjoying and desirable especially learning in early years – the child’s formative years. Thus nursery schools must provide young children with meaningful learning experiences that would exploit their very nature – love for play. Play is inherent to a child’s growing-up. It helps develop the child physically, socially, psychologically, mentally and emotionally. This long-held belief has been affirmed consistently for years, showing how outdoor play supports the children’s development and what beneficial effects and challenges it entails. 3.2. Outdoor Play: Looking Back The central role of outdoor play in developing life skills in children may be traced back to Plato and Aristotle, with Plato defining the nursery stage (3 to 6 years) as the child’s period for playing and hearing children’s story and fairy tales; whereas Aristotle cited the need for children to be active and energetic as best acquired through outdoor play. (Frost 2010, pp. 10, 12) This antiquated view is consistently confirmed by later scholars essentially implying outdoor play as the best humane way of seeking one’s self-identity, worth and friendship. Since 19th century when childhood has been established as a distinct period of human life, the value of outdoor play to the child’s total development has been furthered. Noteworthy are the works of â€Å"Jean Jacques Rosseau, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, Patty Smith Hill, Rachel McMillan and Margaret McMillan† (Wellhousen 2002, p. x). Their recognition of the educational importance of outdoor play – pioneered by Froebel and continued by Margaret McMillan (Thomas & Harding 2011, p. 13) – have made outdoor play together with

In the context of environmental toxicology, what does 'heavy metal' Essay

In the context of environmental toxicology, what does 'heavy metal' actually mean - Essay Example However, this assumption has no fundamental basis on the available toxicological or chemical data. Legal regulations have specified an inventory of heavy metals applied in various situations. There is no definition that is authoritative in literatures that are relevant. There is a tendency of assuming that all heavy metals in conjunction with their compounds have properties that are highly eco-toxic or toxic. Arguably, this assumption has no prove in toxicological or chemical data. Hence, the term heavy metal is misleading and meaningless. Furthermore, the word metal is also misused in legislation and toxicological data. In these literatures it is used to mean a metal that is pure and the entire species chemical in which it occurs. This is untrue because, all pure metals can not exhibit similar toxicological and chemical properties. For purposes of avoiding the term heavy metal, there is need for reclassification of the periodic table as people refer to the term heavy metal as mislea ding and meaningless. The change in classification should mirror individuals understanding of toxicity chemical basis and provide room for the prediction of toxic impacts. Classification of heavy metals The increased worry on environmental pollution reduction has triggered the continued literature and research on heavy metals toxicology (Rabajczyk et al., 2011). Heavy metals emit their toxic substances through the formation of complexes with compounds that are organic. These eventually results to formation of modified biological molecules that lose their functioning ability. The outcome is affected cell malfunction or death. The most common heavy metals that form organic compounds that are complex are such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Classification of heavy metals is done depending on which class it lies. For example class A belong to the hard metals, class be identifies soft metals and lastly we have the intermediate metals. Heavy metals such as Mercury, Lead and cadmium fall u nder class B which represents soft metals. On the other hand chromium is an intermediate metal. The classification of these metals varies depending on their chemical formula. How Heavy Metal Occurs in the Environment Through causes that are both anthropogenic and natural, heavy metals find their way into the environment. The major emission causes are human sources such as mining operations. Heavy metals are exposed into the environment in forms that are both inorganic and organic. Anthropogenic sources of emissions occur from both point and non-point sources such as industrial areas such as present and previous sites of mining, smelters and foundries and by-products and traffics combustion. The pollution of the environment by heavy metals is acute in mining locations and it decreases as the distance widens from those mining sites. The heavy metals are often leached into the soil and ground water. Those in sloppy areas find their way into the water bodies through surface runoff. The heavy metals eventually attach themselves to the sediments whilst some leak into the waters underground resulting to their contamination. Underground and surface water sources heavy metal contamination leads to soil pollution. Exposure of the heavy metals to air and rain is via dumping on the surface soil. Pollution of Agricultural soils results to the uptake of the heavy metals by plants resulting to their accumulation in the plant tissues. These consequently happen to those marine animals and domestic